1 Overview

The CADR microprocessor is a general purpose processor designed for convenient emulation of complex order codes, particularly those involving stacks and pointer manipulation. It is the central processor in the LISP machine project, where it interprets the bit-efficient 16-bit order code produced by the LISP machine compiler. (The terms "LISP machine" and "CADR machine" are sometimes confused. In this document, the CADR machine is a particular design of microprocessor, while the LISP machine is the CADR machine plus the microcode which interprets the LISP machine order code.)

The data paths of the CADR machine are 32 bits wide. Each 48-bit-wide microcode instruction specifies two 32-bit data sources from a variety of internal scratchpad registers; the two data-manipulation instructions can also specify a destination address. The internal scratchpads include a 1K pointer-addressable RAM intended for storing the top of the emulated stack, in a manner similar to a cache. Since in the LISP machine a large percentage of main memory references will be to the stack, this materially speeds up the machine.

The CADR machine has a 14-bit microprogram counter, which behaves much like that of a traditional processor, allowing up to 16K of writable microprogram memory. Also included is a 32-location microcode subroutine return stack.

Memory is accessed through a two-level virtual paging system, which maps 24-bit virtual addresses into 22-bit physical addresses.

There are four classes of micro-instructions. Each specifies two sources (A and M); the ALU and BYTE operations also specify a destination (A, or M plus functional). The A bus supplies data from the 1024-word A scratchpad memory, while the M bus supplies data from either the 32-word M scratchpad memory (a copy of the first 32 locations of the A scratchpad) or a variety of other internal registers. The four classes of microinstruction are:

ALU

The destination receives the result of a boolean or arithmetic operation performed on the two sources.

BYTE

The destination receives the result of a byte extraction, byte deposit, or selective field substitution from one source to the other. The byte so manipulated can be of any non-zero width.

JUMP

A transfer of control occurs, conditional on the value of any bit accessible to the M bus, or on a variety of ALU and other internal conditions such as pending interrupts and page faults.

DISPATCH

A transfer of control occurs to a location determined by a word from the dispatch memory selected by a byte of up to seven bits extracted from the M bus.

There are several sources and destinations whose loading and use invoke special action by the microprocessor. These include the memory address and memory data registers, whose use initiates main memory cycles.

Some of the ALU operations are conditional, depending upon the low order bit in the Q register and the sign of A source. These operations are used for multiply and divide steps.

The main features of this machine which make it suitable for interpreting the LISP machine order code are its dynamically writable microcode, its very flexible dispatching and subroutining, its excellent byte manipulation abilities, and its internal stack storage. While the design of CADR was strongly influenced by the requirements of the LISP machine design, a conscious attempt was made to avoid features that are extremely special-purpose. The goal is a machine that happens to be good at interpreting the particular order code of the LISP machine, but which is general enough to interpret others almost as well. In particular, no critical parts of the LISP machine design (such as LISP machine instruction formats) are "wired in"; thus any changes to the LISP machine design can be easily accomodated by CADR. However, there are several "efficiency hacks" in the hardware, designed to speed up certain common operations of the LISP machine microcode, which might not be useful for other microcodes. These are described in later sections of this document.

• Notational Conventions

IR<48>    = Odd parity bit
IR<47>    = Unused
IR<46>    = Statistics (see the description of the Statistics Counter)
            This can be used to count how many times specified areas
            of the microcode are executed, to implement microcode
            breakpoints, or to stop the machine at a certain "time".
IR<45>    = ILONG (1 means slow clock)
IR<44-43> = Opcode (0 ALU, 1 JUMP, 2 DISPATCH, 3 BYTE)
IR<42>    = POPJ transfer.  Causes a return from a micro subroutine,
            after executing one additional instruction.
IR<11-10> = Miscellaneous Functions
                0  Normal
                1  Not used
                2  Write dispatch memory, if opcode is DISPATCH.
                3  Enable modification of the M-ROTATE field by the
                   location counter (LC).  See the description of the
                   instruction-stream hardware.

2 Data Paths

The data paths of the machine consist of two source busses A and M, which provide data to the ALU and byte extractor, and an output bus OB, which is selected from the ALU (optionally shifted left or right) or the output of the byte extractor, and whose data can be routed to various destinations. We first describe the specification of the source busses, which are identically specified for all instructions; then the destination specifiers which control where results are stored; and finally the two instructions for controlling the ALU and the byte extractor.

3 Sources

All instructions specify sources in the same way. There are two source busses in the machine, the A bus and the M bus. The A bus is driven only from the A scratchpad memory of 1024 32-bit words. The M bus is driven from the M scratchpad of 32 32-bit words and a variety of other sources, including main memory data and control registers, the PC stack (for restoring the state of the processor after traps), the internal stack buffer and its pointer registers, the macrocode location counter, and the Q register. Addresses for the A and M scratchpads are taken directly from the instruction. The alternate sources of data for the M source are specified with an additional bit in the M source field.

IR<41-32> = A source address
IR<31-26> = M source address
        If IR<31> = 0,
                IR<30-26> = M scratchpad address
        If IR<31> = 1,
                IR<30-26> = M "functional" source
                                 0  Dispatch constant (see below)
                                 1  SPC pointer <28-24>, SPC data <18-0>
                                 2  PDL pointer <9-0>
                                 3  PDL index <9-0>
                                 5  PDL Buffer (addressed by Index)
                                 6  OPC registers (see below) <13-0>
                                 7  Q register
                                10  VMA register (memory address)
                                11  MAP[MD]
                                12  MD register (memory data)
                                13  LC (location counter)
                                14  SPC pointer and data, pop
                                24  PDL buffer, addressed by Pointer, pop
                                25  PDL buffer, addressed by Pointer

Functional sources not listed above should not be used and may have side effects. Sources 15, 16, and 17 are reserved for future expansion. Source 4 is the PDL buffer, indexed by the PDL Index, and the PDL pointer is decremented, presumably a useless operation.

Programming hint: it is often convenient to reserve one A memory word and one M memory word and fill them with constant zeros, to provide a zero source for each source bus. It is also convenient to have an M memory word containing all ones. These are particularly useful for byte extraction, masking, bit setting, and bit clearing operations. The CADRLP assembler in fact assumes that A memory location 2 and M memory location 2 are sources of zeros. The UCADR microcode stores all ones in location 3.

The M scratchpad normally contains a duplicate copy of the first 32 locations of the A scratchpad. The effect is as if there were a single scratchpad memory, the first 32 locations of which were dual-ported. This makes programming more convenient, since these locations are accessible to both sides of the ALU and shifter.

4 Destinations

The 12-bit destination field in the BYTE and ALU instructions specifies where the result of the instruction is deposited. It is in one of two forms, depending upon the high-order bit. If the high-order bit is 1, then the low 10 bits are the address of an A memory location, and the remaining bit is unused. If the high order bit is 0, the low 10 bits are divided into a 5-bit "functional destination" field, and a 5-bit M scratchpad address, and both of the places specified by these fields get written into. The next-to-highest bit in the destination field is not used.

IR<25-14> = Destination
        If IR<25> = 1,
                IR<23-14> = A scratchpad write address
        If IR<25> = 0,
                IR<23-19> = Functional destination write address
                         0  None
                         1  LC (Location Counter)
                         2  Interrupt Control <29-26>
                                Bit 26 = Sequence-Break request
                                Bit 27 = Interrupt-Enable
                                Bit 28 = Bus-Reset
                                Bit 29 = LC Byte-mode
                        10  PDL (addressed by Pointer)
                        11  PDL (addressed by Pointer), push
                        12  PDL (addressed by Index)
                        13  PDL Index
                        14  PDL Pointer
                        15  SPC data, push
                        16  Next instruction modifier
                                ("OA register"), bits <25-0>
                        17  Next instruction modifier
                                ("OA register"), bits <47-26>
                        20  VMA register (memory address)
                        21  VMA register, start main memory read
                        22  VMA register, start main memory write
                        23  VMA register, write map.  The map is
                                addressed from MD and written from
                                VMA.  VMA<26>=1 writes the level 1
                                map from VMA<31-27>.  VMA<25>=1 writes
                                the level 2 map from VMA<23-0>.
                        30  MD register (memory data)
                        31  MD register, start main memory read
                        32  MD register, start main memory write
                        33  MD register, write map like 23
                IR<18-14> = M scratchpad write address

Functional destinations not listed may have strange results. Destinations 3-7 are reserved for expansion.

Note: If you write into the M-memory, the machine will also write into the corresponding A-memory address. Therefore you should never write into A-memory locations 0-37; this way the first 40 (octal) locations of A-memory "map into" the M-memory.

The full details of the more complicated functional destinations are described in later sections below. The Q register is loaded by using the Q-control field of the ALU instruction, not by using a functional destination. In addition, it loads from the ALU outputs, not the output bus. This means that the left and right shift operations are ineffective for data being loaded into Q.

Programming hint: if a functional destination is specified, an M scratchpad location must also be specified. It is convenient to reserve one location of the M scratchpad for "garbage"; this location can be specified when it is desired to write into a functional destination but not into any other M scratchpad location. Since the CADRLP assembler defaults the M write address to zero, it is best to let location 0 be the garbage location. Location 0 of the A scratchpad will also be written and is also reserved as a garbage location.

5 The ALU Instruction

The ALU operation performs most of the arithmetic in the machine. It specifies two sources of 32 bit numbers, and an operation to be performed by the ALU. The operation can be any of the 16 boolean functions on two variables, two’s complement addition or subtraction, left shift, and several less useful operations. The carry into the ALU can be forced to be 0 or 1. The output of the ALU is optionally shifted one place, and then written into the specified destinations via the output bus. Additionally, the ALU instruction specifies one of four operations upon the Q register. These are do nothing, shift left, shift right, and load from the ALU outputs. An additional bit in the ALU operation field is decoded to indicate conditional operations; this is how the "multiply step" and "divide step" operations are specified. (Multiplication and division are explained in greater detail in another section.)

IR<44-43> = 0 (ALU opcode)
IR<41-32> = A source
IR<31-26> = M source
IR<25-14> = Destination
IR<13-12> = Output bus control
                0  Byte extractor output (illegal)
                1  ALU output
                2  ALU output shifted right one, with the correct
                   sign shifted in, regardless of overflow.
                3  ALU output shifted left one, shifting in Q<31>
                   from the right.
IR<9>     = not used
IR<8-3>   = ALU operation
                If IR<8> = 0,
                        IR<7-3> = ALU op code (see table)
                If IR<8> = 1,
                        IR<7-3> = Conditional ALU op code
                                 0  Multiply step
                                 1  Divide step
                                 5  Remainder correction
                                11  Initial divide step
IR<2>     = Carry into low end of ALU
IR<1-0>   = Q control
                0  Do nothing
                1  Shift Q left, shifting in the @ul{inverse}
                        of the sign of the ALU output (ALU<31>)
                2  Shift Q right, shifting in the low bit
                        of the ALU output (ALU<0>)
                3  Load Q from ALU output

ALU operation codes (from Table 1 of 74181 specifications). All arithmetic operations are two’s complement. Note that the bits are permuted in such a way as to make the logical operations come out with the same opcodes as used by the Lisp BOOLE function. Names in square brackets are the CADRLP mnemonics for the operations.

        Boolean (IR<7>=1)             Arithmetic (IR<7>=0)
IR<6-3>                         Carry in = 1                Carry in = 0
 0      ZEROS   [SETZ]          -1                      0
 1      M&A     [AND]           (M&A)-1                 M&A
 2      M&~A    [ANDCA]         (M&~A)-1                (M&~A)
 3      M       [SETM]          M-1                     M
 4      ~M&A    [ANDCM]         M|~A                    (M|~A)+1
 5      A       [SETA]          (M|~A)+(M&A)            (M|~A)+(M&A)+1
 6      M^A     [XOR]           M-A-1        [M-A-1]    M-A            [SUB]
 7      M|A     [IOR]           (M|~A)+M                (M|~A)+M+1
10      ~A&~M   [ANDCB]         M|A                     (M|A)+1
11      M=A     [EQV]           M+A          [ADD]      M+A+1          [M+A+1]
12      ~A      [SETCA]         (M|A)+(M&~A)            (M|A)+(M&~A)+1
13      M|~A    [ORCA]          (M|A)+M                 (M|A)+M+1
14      ~M      [SETCM]         M                       M+1            [M+1]
15      ~M|A    [ORCM]          M+(M&A)                 M+(M&A)+1
16      ~M|~A   [ORCB]          M+(M|~A)                M+(M|~A)+1
17      ONES    [SETO]          M+M          [M+M]      M+M+1          [M+M+1]

6 The BYTE Instruction

The BYTE instruction specifies two sources and a destination in the same way as the ALU instruction, but the operation performed is one of selective insertion of a byte field from the M source into an equal length field of the word from the A source. The rotation of the M source is specified by the SR bit as either zero or equal to the contents of the ROTATE field. The rotation of the mask used to select the bits replaced is specified by the MR bit as either zero or equal to the contents of the ROTATE field. The length of the mask field used for replacement is specified in the LENGTH MINUS 1 field. The four states of the SR and MR bits yield the following operations:

The BYTE instruction automatically makes the output of the byte extractor available by forcing the output bus select code to 0 (byte extractor output).

IR<44-43> = 3 (BYTE operation)
IR<41-32> = A source
IR<31-26> = M source
IR<25-14> = Destination
IR<13>    = MR = Mask Rotate (see above)
IR<12>    = SR = Source Rotate (see above)
IR<9-5>   = Length of byte minus 1 (0 means byte of length 1, etc.)
IR<4-0>   = Rotation count (to the left) of mask and/or M source

The byte operation rotates the M source by 0 (if SR=0) or by the rotation count (if SR=1), producing a result called R. It also uses the MR bit, the rotation count, and the length minus 1 field to produce a selector mask (see description below). This mask is all zeros except for a contiguous section of ones denoting the selected byte. This mask is used to merge the A source with R, bit by bit, selecting a bit from A if the mask is 0 and from R if the mask is 1. This result is then written into the specified destination(s).

Output of mask memories:
       Right mask memory is indexed by 0 (MR=0) or by rotation count (MR=1).
       Left mask memory is indexed by (the index into right mask memory)
               plus (the length minus 1 field), mod 32.

octal  LEFT MASK MEMORY contents            RIGHT MASK MEMORY contents
index
  0    00000000000000000000000000000001     11111111111111111111111111111111
  1    00000000000000000000000000000011     11111111111111111111111111111110
  2    00000000000000000000000000000111     11111111111111111111111111111100
  3    00000000000000000000000000001111     11111111111111111111111111111000
  4    00000000000000000000000000011111     11111111111111111111111111110000
  5    00000000000000000000000000111111     11111111111111111111111111100000
  6    00000000000000000000000001111111     11111111111111111111111111000000
  7    00000000000000000000000011111111     11111111111111111111111110000000
 10    00000000000000000000000111111111     11111111111111111111111100000000
 11    00000000000000000000001111111111     11111111111111111111111000000000
 12    00000000000000000000011111111111     11111111111111111111110000000000
 13    00000000000000000000111111111111     11111111111111111111100000000000
 14    00000000000000000001111111111111     11111111111111111111000000000000
 15    00000000000000000011111111111111     11111111111111111110000000000000
 16    00000000000000000111111111111111     11111111111111111100000000000000
 17    00000000000000001111111111111111     11111111111111111000000000000000
 20    00000000000000011111111111111111     11111111111111110000000000000000
 21    00000000000000111111111111111111     11111111111111100000000000000000
 22    00000000000001111111111111111111     11111111111111000000000000000000
 23    00000000000011111111111111111111     11111111111110000000000000000000
 24    00000000000111111111111111111111     11111111111100000000000000000000
 25    00000000001111111111111111111111     11111111111000000000000000000000
 26    00000000011111111111111111111111     11111111110000000000000000000000
 27    00000000111111111111111111111111     11111111100000000000000000000000
 30    00000001111111111111111111111111     11111111000000000000000000000000
 31    00000011111111111111111111111111     11111110000000000000000000000000
 32    00000111111111111111111111111111     11111100000000000000000000000000
 33    00001111111111111111111111111111     11111000000000000000000000000000
 34    00011111111111111111111111111111     11110000000000000000000000000000
 35    00111111111111111111111111111111     11100000000000000000000000000000
 36    01111111111111111111111111111111     11000000000000000000000000000000
 37    11111111111111111111111111111111     10000000000000000000000000000000

After the two masks are selected, they are AND’ed together to get the final mask. This mask is all zeros, except for a field of contiguous ones defining the byte.

As an example, if MR=1, rotation count=5, and length minus 1=7, then the right mask index is 5 and the left mask index is 14 (octal). This results in a final mask as follows:

                Right mask 5    11111111111111111111111111100000
                Left mask 14    00000000000000000001111111111111
        AND them together       --------------------------------
                Final mask      00000000000000000001111111100000

The byte is 8 bits wide, 5 positions from the right.

Programming hint: if the byte is "too large" (i.e. its position and size specifications cause it to hang over the left-hand edge of a word), then the masker does not truncate the byte at the left-hand edge. Instead, it produces a zero mask, selecting no byte at all; thus, the output of the byte operation equals the A source. The reason for this is that an overflow occurs in calculating the index into the left mask memory, and so the final mask is zero. For example, if MR=1, rotation count=20 (octal), and length minus 1=27 (octal), then the right mask index is 20 and the left mask index is 477 (mod 32). This results in a final mask as follows:

                Right mask 20   11111111111111110000000000000000
                Left mask 7     00000000000000000000000011111111
        AND them together       --------------------------------
                Final mask      00000000000000000000000000000000

7 Control

The control section of the processor consists of a 14-bit program counter (the PC), a 32-location PC stack (SPC) and stack pointer (SPCPTR), and a 2K dispatch memory, used during the DISPATCH instruction. Unlike some microprocessors, and like most traditional machines, the normal mode of operation is to execute the next sequential instruction by incrementing the PC.

The processor uses single instruction look ahead, i.e. the lookup of the next instruction is overlapped with execution of the current one. This implies that after branching instructions the processor normally executes the following instruction, even if the branch was successful. Provision is made in these instructions to inhibit this execution (with the N bit), but the cycle it would have used will then be wasted.

(I2 is a branch instruction to the location of I8)

TIME ===>

|              |              |              |              |              |
|  fetch I1    |  fetch I2    |  fetch I3    |  fetch I8    |  fetch I9    |
|  execute I0  |  execute I1  |  execute I2  |  execute I3  |  execute I8  |
|              |              |              |              |              |
                  |              |              |              |
Fetch of branch---'              |              |              |
                                 |              |              |
Execution of branch--------------'              |              |
                                                |              |
Execution (optionally inhibited)                |              |
of following instruction------------------------'              |
                                                               |
Execution of instruction branched to --------------------------'

Two types of instruction affect flow of control in the machine. The conditional JUMP specifies a new PC and transfer type in the instruction itself, while the DISPATCH instruction looks up the new PC and transfer type in the 2K dispatch memory. In either case, the new PC is loaded into the PC register, and the operation specified by the 3-bit transfer type is performed. These operations are:

N bit

If on, inhibits execution of the next instruction, i.e. the instruction at the address one greater than that of the transfer instruction. (This instruction needn’t actually be at the address one greater, if a transfer of control was already in progress.) The cycle that would have executed that instruction is wasted.

The P and R bits are decoded as follows:

The BRANCH transfer type is the normal program transfer, without saving a return address.

The CALL transfer type pushes the appropriate return address onto the SPC stack. This stack is 32 locations long. It is the responsibility of the programmer to avoid overflows. The return address is PC+2, or PC+1 if the N bit is also on. Actually, if the N bit is on the address of the instruction NOP’ed is saved, which may not be identical to PC+1 if a transfer of control is already in progress. If the N bit is not on, 1 + the address of that instruction is saved. In the case of a dispatch, if the N bit is on and bit 25 of the instruction is on, save PC, the address of the dispatch instruction itself; this allows the dispatch to be re-executed upon return. (Actually, due to pipelining, when the above paragraph says PC it doesn’t really mean PC.)

The RETURN transfer type pops a return PC from the SPC stack, ignoring the PC specified in the instruction or dispatch table.

The FALL THROUGH transfer type for dispatches allows some entries in a dispatch table to specify that the dispatch should not occur after all. The following instruction is executed (unless inhibited), followed by the one after that (unless the first following one branches and inhibits it!).

The I-MEM WRITE transfer type is the mechanism for writing instructions into the microprogram instruction memory, and is described in a later section. (The dispatch memory, unlike the instruction memory, is not written into by setting the P and R bits (after all, in a dispatch instruction these bits come from the dispatch memory!); instead, the Miscellaneous Function field is used.)

An additional bit in every instruction, including ALU and BYTE instructions, called the POPJ bit, allows specification of simultaneous execution of a RETURN transfer type along with execution of any instruction. That is, it does the same thing as if this instruction, in addition to whatever else it does, had executed a RETURN transfer type jump without the N bit on. It is the responsibility of the programmer to avoid conflicts in the use of this bit simultaneously with other types of transfers.

The POPJ bit should be used in a JUMP instruction only in conjunction with the RETURN transfer type. This will cause a RETURN operation in either case, but execution of the following instruction is conditional, controlled by the N bit and the conditional JUMP instruction. The POPJ bit, when used in a DISPATCH instruction, is specially over-ruled by the JUMP and CALL transfer types. This allows you to RETURN normally, but jump off to other code in exceptional cases, using the same dispatch table as other dispatch instructions which do not want to return. The POPJ bit should not be used in conjunction with writing of dispatch or instruction memory, nor with the SPC pop and push functional source and destination. The machine doesn’t bother to do anything reasonable in these cases.

8 The DISPATCH Instruction

The dispatch instruction allows selection of any source available on the M bus [see description of M bus sources in the Data Path section], and the dispatch on any sub-field of up to 7 bits from the selected word. The selected subfield is ORed with the "dispatch address" field of the instruction to produce an 11 bit address. This address is used to look up a 14 bit PC and 3 bit transfer type in the dispatch memory. The SPC-pointer-and-data-pop source will not operate reasonably in conjunction with the dispatch instruction.

IR<44-43> = 2 (DISPATCH operation)
IR<41-32> = Dispatch constant (also A source when writing D-MEM)
IR<31-26> = M source
IR<25>    = Alter return address pushed on SPC by the CALL transfer
            type, if the N bit is set, to be the address of this
            instruction rather than the next instruction.
IR<24>    = Enable instruction-stream hardware (described later).
IR<23>    = Unused
IR<22-12> = Address in dispatch memory
IR<9-8>   = Control dispatching off the map, see below.
IR<7-5>   = Length of byte (@ul{not} minus 1!) from M source to dispatch on
IR<4-0>   = Rotation count (to the left) of M source

The dispatch operation takes the specified M source word and rotates it to the left as specified by the rotation count. All but the low K bits are masked out, where K is the contents of the length field. The result is OR’ed with the dispatch address, and this is used to address the 2K dispatch memory, which supplies the new PC and the R, P, and N bits.

If bits 8 and 9 of IR are not zero, the bottom bit of the dispatch address comes from the virtual memory map rather than the rotator and masker. The address inputs to the map in this case come from MD. This is primarily useful for testing pointers just fetched from main memory for validity with respect to the garbage collector’s conventions. IR<8> selects bit 14 of the second level map, and IR<9> selects bit 15. Selecting both bits ORs them together.

The dispatch constant field is loaded into the DISPATCH CONSTANT register on every dispatch instruction. This register is accessible as an M source. The dispatch constant field has nothing whatsoever to do with the operation of dispatching; it is merely a convenient device for loading a completely random register while doing something else. (Uses for this feature are discussed in a later section.)

Miscellaneous function 2 inhibits the normal action of the instruction and instead loads the dispatch memory with the low order contents of the A memory scratchpad location specified in the A source. Note that the A source address is the same field as the dispatch constant field. The dispatch constant is loaded anyway, but this can be ignored. The parity bit (bit 17) is also loaded, and it is the responsibility of the programmer to load correct (odd) parity into the memory. Normal addressing of the dispatch memory is in effect, so it is advisable to have the length field contain 0 so that the dispatch memory location to modify is uniquely specified by the dispatch address in the instruction.

9 The JUMP Instruction

The JUMP instruction allows conditional branching based on any bit of any M source or on a variety of internal processor conditions, including ALU output. (While DISPATCH could also be used to test single M source bits, the use of JUMP saves dispatch memory.) The JUMP operation is also used, by means of a trick, to write into the instruction memory.

IR<44-43> = 1 (JUMP operation)
IR<41-32> = A source
IR<31-26> = M source
IR<25-12> = New PC
IR<9>     = R bit (1 means pop new PC off SPC stack)
IR<8>     = P bit (1 means push return PC onto SPC stack)
IR<7>     = N bit (1 means inhibit next instruction if jump successful)
IR<6>     = If 1, invert sense of jump condition
IR<5>     = If 0, test bit of M source; if 1, test internal condition
IR<4-0>   = If IR<5>=0, rotation count for M source.
            If IR<5>=1, condition number:
                0  Low bit of shifter output (illegal)
                1  M source < A source
                2  M source <= A source
                3  M source = A source
                4  Page fault
                5  Page fault or interrupt pending
                6  Page fault or interrupt pending or sequence break flag
                7  Unconditionally true

Page faults, interrupts, and sequence breaks are documented in later sections.

The jump condition is determined as follows. If IR<5>=0, then the M source is rotated left by the rotation count; the low-order bit of the result is then tested. Thus, to test the sign bit, a rotation count of 1 should be used. The jump condition is true if the low-order bit is 1. If IR<5>=1, then the specified internal condition is tested. In either case, the sense of the jump condition is inverted if IR<6>=1. In particular, this allows testing of all six arithmetic relations between the M and A sources.

If the final jump condition, possibly after inversion, is true, then the new PC field and the R, P, and N bits are used to determine the new contents of the PC. If the condition is not true, execution continues with the next instruction, modulo the POPJ bit.

If both the R and P bits are set (WRITE), then A and M sources are (conditionally!) written into the instruction memory. Bits <47-32> are taken from A source bits <15-0>; bits <31-0> are taken from M source <31-0>. Notice that this is not the same alignment of bits as is used for the "next instruction modify" functional destinations (16 and 17). The reason for the odd location of WRITE in the instruction set is due to the way in which it operates. It causes the same operations as the CALL transfer type, resulting in the the old PC plus 1 or 2 being saved on the SPC stack and the PC register being loaded with the address to be modified. Then, when the instruction memory would normally be fetching the instruction to be executed from that location, a write pulse is generated, causing the saved data from the A and M sources to be written into the instruction memory. Meanwhile, the machine simulates a RETURN transfer instruction, causing the SPC stack to be popped back into the PC and instruction execution to proceed from where it left off. Note that this instruction requires use of a word on the SPC stack and requires an extra cycle. It is highly recommended that the N bit also be on in the JUMP instruction, since the processor will be executing a RETURN transfer type unconditionally during what should be the execution of the instruction following the write. If, however, this does not conflict with other things that this following instruction specifies, then the following instruction may be executed. Care is required.

10 Program Modification

A novel technique is used for variabilizing fields in the program instruction. Two of the "functional destinations" of the output bus are (conceptual) registers (sometimes collectively referred to as the OA register), whose contents get OR’ed with the next instruction executed. Combined with the shifter/masker ability to move any contiguous set of bits into an arbitrary field, this feature provides, for example, variable rotation counts and the ability to use program determined addresses of registers; for example, it can be used to index into the A scratchpad memory.

Functional destination 16 (OA-REG-LOW), when written into, effectively OR’s bits <25-0> into bits <25-0> of the next instruction; functional destination 17 (OA-REG-HIGH) effectively OR’s bits <21-0> into bits <47-26> of the next instruction. The place between bits <26> and <25> is a natural dividing line for all classes of instructions. Note that only one half of a particular instruction can be modified, since it is impossible to write into both functional destinations simultaneously.

When this feature is used, parity checking is disabled for the word fetched from the instruction memory, since the OA "register" is OR’ed into the output of the memory before parity is checked.

This feature is particularly useful for supplying the address of a location of instruction memory or dispatch memory to be written into, for specifying variable addresses in the A and M memories, and for operations on bytes of variable length or position. Examples of these are detailed in a later section.

11 Clocks

The CADR processor uses only one clock signal. This clock loads output data into the designated registers, and a new PC and instruction are also loaded. The only events which do not take place synchronous with the clock are the control signals for the A, M, and PDL scratchpads and the SPC stack. For these devices, a two stage cycle is performed. During the first phase, the source addresses of the respective devices are gated into the address inputs. After the output data has settled, the outputs of these devices are latched. Then, the address is changed to that specified as the write location from the previous instruction. After the address has settled, a write pulse is generated for the scratchpad memory to perform the write. Pass-around paths are provided (invisibly to the programmer) for the A and M memories, which notice and correct read references to a location which was written into on the previous cycle but has not yet actually been written into the scratchpad. No such pass-around path is provided for the PDL memory, because on any cycle in which the PDL memory is written into, the M scratchpad must also be written into, and so the next instruction can refer to that M scratchpad location, thereby using the M pass-around path. The SPC stack has a pass-around path when used by the RETURN transfer type, but does not have a pass-around path when used as an M source. The RETURN pass-around path makes it possible to have a subroutine only two instructions long. It would take extra hardware to provide the missing pass-around paths, and examination of actual microprograms showed that they would be very rarely used.

The clock cycle is of variable length. The duration of the first half of the cycle (the "read phase") is controlled by both the ILONG bit of the instruction (IR<45>) and by two "speed" bits from the diagnostic interface. The duration of the second half (the "write phase") is normally fixed. This clock serves as both the processor clock and a clock for the bus interface, memory, and external devices.

The clock can be stopped at the end of either phase, for several reasons. Usually the clock stops at the end of the read phase, referred to as "wait". This leaves the clock in the inactive high state, and leaves the latches on the memories open. The clock can wait because the machine was commanded to halt by the diagnostic interface, because a single-step commanded by the diagnostic interface has completed, because of an error such as a parity error, because of the statistics counter overflowing, or because of a memory-wait condition. This latter condition happens if a main memory cycle is initiated while a previous cycle is still in progress, or if the program calls for the result of a main memory read before the bus controller has granted the bus access needed to perform that read cycle. During a clock wait, the processor clock stops, but the clock to the rest of the system (the bus interface and XBUS devices), continues to run, allowing them to operate. When the processor finishes waiting the processor clock starts up in synchrony with the external clock.

The clock can also stop at the end of the write phase, referred to as "hang". This is used only during memory reads. If the processor calls for the result of a read which is in progress but has not yet completed, it hangs until the data has arrived from memory and sufficient time has passed for the data to flow through the data paths and appear on the output bus. This is also sufficient time for the parity of the data to be checked. In the case of a hang, both clocks stop, which allows them to restart synchronously without any extra delay. In this way, the speed of the processor is adjusted to exactly match the speed of the memory.

12 Accessing Memory

Access to main memory is accomplished through use of several functional sources and destinations. These perform three functions; first, they allow access to two registers, VMA (virtual memory address) and MD (memory data). Secondly, they can initiate memory operations. Thirdly, they can wait for a memory operation to be completed. Actually, this facility is not just for accessing main memory; it is used to access any device on the Xbus or the Unibus, which includes not only memory but peripheral equipment. For simplicity the term "memory" will be used, however.

There are eight functional destinations associated with the memory system. Four of these load data into the VMA, the other four load data into the MD. Each group of four consists of one with no other side effects, one which starts a read cycle, one which starts a write cycle, and one which writes into the virtual address map.

In a memory read operation, data from memory is placed in the MD register when it arrives, and can then be picked up by the program (using a functional source). In a memory write operation, the program places the data to be written into the MD register (by using a functional destination), whence it is passed to the memory.

The VMA register contains the virtual address of the location to be referenced. This is 24 bits long; the high 8 bits of the register exist but are ignored by the hardware. The VMA contains a "virtual" address; before being sent to the memory it is passed through the "map", which produces a 22 bit physical address, controls whether permission for the read or write operation requested is allowed, and remembers 8 bits which the software (microcode) can use for its own purposes.

Except when starting a memory cycle, the address to be mapped comes from bits <23-0> of the MD register, rather than the VMA register. The reason for this is to simplify the use of the map for checking what "space" a pointer being read from or written into memory points at, a frequently-needed operation in the Lisp machine garbage-collection algorithm.

The map consists of two scratchpad memories. The First Level Map contains 2048 5-bit locations, and is addressed by bits <23-13> of the VMA or MD. The Second Level map contains 1024 24-bit locations, and is addressed by the concatenation of the output from the First Level Map and bits <12-8> of the VMA or MD. The virtual address space consists of 2048 blocks, each containing 32 pages. Each page contains 256 words (of 32 bits, of course). Each block of virtual address space has a corresponding location in the First Level Map. Locations in the Second Level Map are not permanently allocated to particular addresses; instead, the First Level Map location for a block of virtual addresses indicates where in the Second Level Map those addresses are currently described. The Second Level Map contains sufficient space to describe 32 blocks, so at any given time most blocks must be described as "no information available." This done by reserving the last 32 locations in the Second Level Map for this purpose and filling them with "no information available" page descriptors; most First Level Map locations will point here.

The output of the Second Level Map consists of:

MAP<23>    = access permission
MAP<22>    = write permission
MAP<21-14> = available to software.  Note that bits 15 and 14 can
             be tested by the DISPATCH instruction.
MAP<13-0>  = physical page number

The physical address sent to memory is the concatenation of the physical page number and bits 7-0 of the VMA.

The two maps can be read by putting an appropriate address in the MD, and reading the functional source MEMORY-MAP-DATA (11):

MAP<31> = 1 if the most recent memory cycle was not performed because it
          was an attempt to write without write permission, i.e. a 1 in
          bit 22 of the second level map.
MAP<30> = 1 if the most recent memory cycle was not performed because there
          was no access permission, i.e. a 1 in bit 23 of the second level map.
          MAP<30> is 0 if no access fault exists, although a write fault may
          exist.  Note that bits <31-30> apply to the last attempted memory
          cycle, and have nothing to do with the map locations addressed by
          the contents of MD.
MAP<29> = 0 always.
MAP<28-24> = First Level Map
MAP<23-0> = Second Level Map

The maps can be written by using one of the functional destinations VMA-WRITE-MAP (23), MEMORY-DATA-WRITE-MAP (33). The MD supplies the address of the map location to be written, and the VMA supplies the data to be written, and tells which level of the map is being written. One register must be set up in a previous instruction, the other is written via the functional destination, and the actual writing into the map happens on the following cycle. There is no pass-around path and no latch for the map, so the following instruction must not use it.

The first level map is written from bits <31-27> of the VMA, if VMA<26> is a 1. (These are not the same bits as it reads into when using the MEMORY-MAP-DATA functional source.) The second level map is written from VMA<23-0>, if VMA<25> is a 1. Note that when writing the second level map the first level map supplies part of the address, and must have been written previously. Therefore it is not useful to write both at the same time, although it is possible to set both bits to 1.

Main memory operations are initiated by using one of the functional destinations VMA-START-READ (21), VMA-START-WRITE (22), and MEMORY-DATA-START-WRITE (32). There is also MEMORY-DATA-START-READ (31), but it is probably useless. In the case of a write, the VMA supplies the address and the MD supplies the data, so one register must be set up in advance and the other is set up by the functional destination that starts the operation. A main memory read can also be started by the macro instruction-stream hardware, described later.

The register named (VMA or MD) is loaded with the result of the instruction (from the Output Bus) at the end of the cycle during which that instruction is executed. During the following cycle, the map is read. The instruction executed during this cycle should be a JUMP instruction which checks for a page fault condition. At the end of this cycle, if no page fault occurs, the memory operation begins. The processor continues executing while the memory operation happens, but if any operation which conflicts with the memory being busy is attempted, the machine waits or hangs until the memory operation has been completed. Such references include asking for the results of a read cycle by using the MEMORY-DATA (12) functional source, using any functional destination that refers to the VMA, MD, or MAP, or attempting to start a read cycle via the instruction-stream hardware.

The presence or absence of a page fault is remembered until the next time a memory cycle is started, so it is not strictly necessary to check for page fault immediately after starting a cycle, but is good practice.

The MEMORY-DATA-START-WRITE destination is useful for doing the second half of a read-followed-by-write operation, since the correct value is still in the VMA. Note that it is still necessary to check for a page fault after starting the write, since you may have read permission but not write permission.

There is a feature by which main memory parity errors can be trapped to the microcode. A bit in the diagnostic interface controls whether or not this is enabled. When the MEMORY-DATA functional source is used, and the last thing to be loaded into the MD was data from memory which had even parity, a main memory parity error has occurred. If trapping is enabled, the current instruction is NOPed and a CALL transfer to location 0 is forced. The following instruction is also NOPed. The trap routine must use the OPC registers to determine just where to return to if it plans to return, since if a transfer operation was in progress the address pushed on the SPC stack by the trap may have nothing to do with the address of the instruction which caused the trap. This is also true of the error-handler for microcode-detected programming errors. If a main memory parity error occurs, and trapping is not enabled, the machine halts if error-halting is enabled, just as it does in response to a parity error in an internal memory.

When using semiconductor main memory, which has single-bit error correction, a parity error trap indicates that an uncorrectable multiple-bit error occurred. Single-bit errors are corrected automatically by the hardware, and cause an interrupt so that the processor may, at its leisure, log the error and attempt to rewrite the contents of the bad location.

13 The Instruction-Stream Feature

The CADR processor contains a small amount of hardware to aid in the interpretation of an instruction stream which comes in units smaller than the CADR word size. For example, the Lisp-machine macrocompiled instruction set uses 16-bit units. The hardware speeds up both fetching and decoding of instructions by relieving the microcode of some routine bookkeeping.

Both 8-bit (byte) and 16-bit (halfword) instructions are supported, depending on a mode bit (bit 29 of the "Interrupt Control" register, functional destination 2.) The hardware decides when it is time to fetch a new main-memory word, containing the next 2 or 4 units of the instruction stream, and alters the flow of microprogram control. The hardware provides a feature by which the rotator control can be made to select the current unit of the instruction stream; this is used when dispatching on the instruction being interpreted, and when extracting fields of the instruction via the BYTE microinstruction.

There is a 26-bit register called the Location Counter (LC), which can be read by functional source 13 and written by functional destination 1. It always contains the address of the next instruction stream unit, in terms of 8-bit bytes. In halfword mode LC<0> is forced to zero. The LC is capable of counting by 1 or 2 (depending on byte vs. halfword mode) and has a special connection to the VMA; the VMA is loaded from the LC, divided by 4, when an instruction-fetch occurs.

The high 6 bits of functional source 13 are not part of the LC per se, but contain various associated status, as follows:

31 Need Fetch.

This is 1 if the next time the instruction stream is advanced, a new word will be fetched from main memory. This is a function of the low 2 bits of LC, of byte mode, and of whether the LC has been written into since an instruction word was last fetched from main memory.

30 not used, zero.

29 LC Byte Mode.

1 if the instruction stream is in 8-bit units, 0 if it is in 16-bit units. This reflects bit 29 of the Interrupt Control register.

28 Bus Reset.

This reflects bit 28 of the Interrupt Control register, which is set to 1 to reset the bus interface, the Unibus, and the Xbus.

27 Interrupt Enable.

1 if external interrupt requests are allowed to contribute to the JUMP condition. This reflects bit 27 of the Interrupt Control register.

26 Sequence Break.

1 if a sequence break (macrocode interrupt signal) is pending. This flag does nothing except contribute to the JUMP condition. This reflects bit 26 of the Interrupt Control register.

Bit 14 of the SPC stack is used to flag the return address containing it as the address of the main instruction-interpretation loop. The hardware recognizes a RETURN transfer with SPC<14>=1 as completing the interpretation of one instruction and initiating the interpretation of the next. The instruction stream will be advanced to its next unit (byte or halfword) in the cycle following the RETURN transfer. (It is delayed one cycle for obscure timing reasons.) This cycle is free to also execute a useful microinstruction, provided it does not use the LC, VMA, MD, and associated hardware.

Advancing the instruction stream increments the LC, by 1 or 2. If a new word needs to be fetched from main memory, the unincremented LC, divided by 4, is transferred to the VMA and a read cycle is started. A fetch can be required either because the LC points at the first unit of a word or because the LC has been modified since the last instruction stream advance (a branch occurred). It is legal for the instruction which does the RETURN transfer to modify the LC, and a fetch will always be required. If no fetch is required, the RETURN transfer is altered by forcing SPC<1> to 1, skipping over two microinstructions which, in the fetch case, check for a page fault (or interrupt or sequence break) and transfer the new instruction stream word from MD into a scratchpad location.

The instruction stream can also be advanced by a DISPATCH instruction with bit 24 set. In this case, no alteration of the SPC return address occurs. The dispatch should check the NEEDFETCH signal, which is available as bit 31 of the LC functional source, to determine whether a new word is going to be fetched. If a fetch occurs, the DISPATCH should call a subroutine to check for page fault and transfer the new instruction stream word from MD to a scratchpad location. If no fetch occurs, the DISPATCH should drop through. The instruction after the DISPATCH may then operate on the next unit of the instruction stream. This feature is provided to facilitate the use of multi-unit instructions.

The remaining hardware associated with the instruction stream feature implements miscellaneous function 3, which alters the M-rotate field to select the current unit of the instruction stream from the current word, which should be supplied as the M-source. This applies to any operation which uses the rotator: BYTE instructions, DISPATCH instructions, and JUMP instructions which test a bit. The instruction should be coded for the unit (byte or halfword) at the right-hand end of the word. In half-word mode, IR<4> is XOR’ed with LC<1> to produce the high-order bit of the rotate count. In byte mode, IR<4> is XOR’ed with (LC<1> XOR LC<0>), and IR<3> is XOR’ed with LC<0>. The effect, since the LC always has the address of the next instruction, and the bits are numbered from right to left, is as desired. In halfword mode, the low half of the M source is accessed for the even instruction, when LC<1>=1, and the high half is accessed for the odd instruction, when LC<1>=0.

14 Multiplication, Division, and the Q register

The Q register is provided in CADR primarily for multiplication and division. It is occasionally useful for other things because it is an extra place to put the results of an ALU instruction, and because it can be used to collect the bits which are shifted out when the OUTPUT-SELECTOR-RIGHTSHIFT-1 operation is used in an ALU instruction.

The Q register is controlled by two bits (IR<1-0>) in the ALU instruction. The operations are do nothing, shift it left, shift it right, and load it from the output of the ALU. (It loads from the ALU rather than the Output Bus for electrical reasons.) When the Q register shifts left, Q<0> receives -ALU<31>, the complement of the sign of the ALU output. When the Q register shifts right, Q<31> receives ALU<0>, the low bit of the ALU output. The Q register is also connected to the Output Bus shifter; when the Output Bus is shifted left, OB<0> receives Q<31>, the sign of the Q. These interconnections are dictated by the needs of multiplication and division.

Multiplication in CADR is a simple, 1 bit at a time, shift-and-add affair. The hardware provides a conditional-ALU operation, MULTIPLY-STEP, which is ADD if Q<0>=1, and SETM otherwise. This is used in combination with SHIFT-Q-RIGHT and OUTPUT-SELECTOR-RIGHTSHIFT-1. Initially the multiplicand is placed in an A-scratchpad location and the multiplier is placed in Q. 32 MULTIPLY-STEP operations are executed; as Q shifts to the right each of the bits of the multiplier appear in Q<0>. If the bit is 1, the multiplicand gets added in. The results of each operation go into an M-scratchpad location, which is fed back into the next step. The low bit of each result is shifted into Q. Thus, when the 32 steps have been completed, the Q contains the low 32 bits of the product, and the M-scratchpad location contains the high 32 bits.

This algorithm needs a slight modification to deal with 2’s complement numbers. The sign bit of a 2’s complement number has negative weight, so in the last step if Q<0>=1, i.e. the multiplier is negative, a subtraction should be done instead of an addition. The hardware does not provide this, so instead we do a subtraction after the last step, which is adding and then subtracting twice as much, which has the effect of subtracting. Note that this correction only affects the high 32 bits of the product, and can be omitted if we are only looking for a single-precision result. Consider the following code. (The CADRLP assembler format used is explained later in this document.)

; Multiply Subroutine.  A-MPYR times Q-R, low product to Q-R, high to M-AC.

MPY     ((M-AC) MULTIPLY-STEP M-ZERO A-MPYR)    ;Partial result = 0 in first step
(REPEAT 30. ((M-AC) MULTIPLY-STEP M-AC A-MPYR)) ;Do 30 steps
        (POPJ-IF-BIT-CLEAR-XCT-NEXT             ;Return after next if A-MPYR positive
                (BYTE-FIELD 1 0) Q-R)
       ((M-AC) MULTIPLY-STEP M-AC A-MPYR)       ;The final step
        (POPJ-AFTER-NEXT
         (M-AC) SUB M-AC A-MPYR)                ;Correction for negative multiplier
       (NO-OP)                                  ;Jump delay

To multiply numbers of less than 32 bits is also possible. With the same initial conditions, after n steps the high n bits of the Q contain the low n bits of the product, and the remaining bits of the product are in the low bits of the M-scratchpad location. Two BYTE instructions can be used to extract and combine these bits to produce a right-adjusted product, if the numbers are unsigned.

Division is a little more complex than multiplication. It too goes a bit at a time, using a non-restoring algorithm which either adds or subtracts at each stage. The basic idea is to keep subtracting the divisor from the dividend, shifted over by different amounts, as in long-division by hand. If the subtraction produces a positive result, it "goes in" and a quotient bit of 1 is produced. If the subtraction produces a negative result, it "fails to go in" and a quotient bit of 0 is produced. Instead of backing up and not doing the subtraction, we set a flag that too much has been subtracted, and add instead the next time. This works since the weight of the divisor on the next step is half as much, and B-(A/2) = B-A+(A/2). The "flag" is simply the complement of the quotient bit produced, except for the first step when the flag must be forced to OFF.

Division does not handle 2’s complement numbers as easily as multiplication does. The algorithm essentially requires all positive numbers, however the hardware automatically takes the absolute value of the divisor by interchanging addition and subtraction if the divisor is negative. It is up to the microcode to make the dividend positive beforehand, and to determine the correct signs for the quotient and remainder afterward. The sign of the quotient should be the XOR of the signs of dividend and divisor. The sign of the remainder should be the same as the sign of the dividend.

Initially the positive dividend is in the Q register and the signed divisor is in an A-scratchpad location. Appropriate conditional-ALU operations are used in conjunction with the SHIFT-Q-LEFT and OUTPUT-SELECTOR-LEFTSHIFT-1 functions. An M-scratchpad location receives the result of each step, and is fed back to the next step. This location initially contains the high 32 bits of the double-length dividend, or 0 if the dividend is single-precision. At each step, the OUTPUT-SELECTOR-LEFTSHIFT-1 operation brings the high bit of the Q into the low bit of the M-scratchpad, bringing up another bit of the dividend. At each step, the complement of the sign of the ALU output represents a bit of the quotient and is shifted into the low end of Q. After 33 steps, Q contains the positive quotient (which is why it is called the Q-for-quotient register). The reason why it takes 33 steps rather than 32 is a little difficult to explain. The quotient bit produced by the first step, if 1, indicates "divide overflow", and is not really part of the quotient. When using a single-precision dividend, "divide overflow" can only happen if the divisor is zero, since the initial operation is zero minus the absolute value of the divisor, which is negative unless the divisor is zero.

What is left of the dividend after all the subtractions is the positive remainder. The last step does not use OUTPUT-SELECTOR-LEFTSHIFT-1, so that the M-scratchpad will receive the remainder rather than the remainder times 2. If the "too much has been subtracted" flag is set, it is necessary to do one final addition to correct the remainder. This addition simply undoes the previous subtraction, not also doing a new subtraction, because of the omission of the left shift.

The ALU operations for division are:

DIVIDE-STEP

The conditional add or subtract described above, SHIFT-Q-LEFT, and OUTPUT-SELECTOR-LEFTSHIFT-1. Q<0>=0 serves as the "too much has been subtracted" flag.

DIVIDE-FIRST-STEP

Identical to DIVIDE-STEP except that the "too much has been subtracted" flag is forced to be off.

DIVIDE-LAST-STEP

Identical to DIVIDE-STEP except that the OUTPUT-SELECTOR-LEFTSHIFT-1 is omitted.

DIVIDE-REMAINDER-CORRECTION-STEP

The conditional add or subtract logic is used, except subtract is turned into SETM by invoking part of the multiply logic. The exchanging of add and subtract if the divisor is negative then applies, doing the right thing. No shifting occurs and Q is unchanged.

Division of numbers smaller than 32 bits can be accomplished in less than 33 steps by sufficiently careful shifting of the inputs and outputs.

To illustrate how it all fits together, and show how to do the sign-correction, here is the code for 32-bit division, with a double-precision dividend, in the CADRLP format explained later in this document:

; Division Subroutine.  
; M-AC and M-1 are the high and low words of the dividend, respectively.
; M-2 is the divisor.  The quotient is in M-AC, the remainder in M-1.

DIV     (JUMP-GREATER-OR-EQUAL M-AC A-ZERO DIV1)        ;Check for negative dividend
        (JUMP-NOT-EQUAL-XCT-NEXT M-1 A-ZERO DIV0)       ;If so, change sign
       ((M-1 Q-R) SUB M-ZERO A-1)
        ((M-AC) SUB M-AC (A-CONSTANT 1))        ;Borrow from high if low is zero
DIV0    ((M-AC) SETCM M-AC)                     ;1's complement high dividend
        (CALL DIV2)                             ;Now, call positive-dividend case
        (POPJ-AFTER-NEXT (M-1) SUB M-ZERO A-1)  ;Make the remainder negative,
       ((M-AC) SUB M-ZERO A-AC)                 ;and change the sign of the quotient

; Divide routine for positive dividend.
DIV1    ((Q-R) M-1)                             ;Low dividend to Q-R
DIV2    ((M-1) DIVIDE-FIRST-STEP M-AC A-2)      ;First division step
        (JUMP-IF-BIT-SET (BYTE-FIELD 1 0) Q-R DIVIDE-OVERFLOW) ;Error check
(REPEAT 31. ((M-1) DIVIDE-STEP M-1 A-2)         ;Middle division steps
        ((M-1) DIVIDE-LAST-STEP M-1 A-2)        ;Final step, quotient in Q-R
        ((M-1) DIVIDE-REMAINDER-CORRECTION-STEP M-1 A-2) ;M-1 gets remainder
        ((M-AC) Q-R)                            ;Extract quotient from Q-R
        (POPJ-AFTER-NEXT                        ;Return after next, but if
         POPJ-GREATER-OR-EQUAL M-2 A-ZERO)      ; divisor is negative,
       ((M-AC) SUB M-ZERO A-AC)                 ; change sign of quotient

15 The Bus Interface

The Bus Interface connects the CADR machine to two busses, the Unibus and the Xbus. The Unibus is a regular PDP-11 bus, used to attach peripheral devices, especially commercial devices designed for the PDP-11 line. The Xbus is a 32-bit bus used to attach memory and high-performance peripheral devices, such as disk. The bus interface also includes the diagnostic interface, which allows a unibus operator, such as a PDP-10, a PDP-11, or another lisp machine, to control the operation of the machine, hardware to pass interrupts from the Unibus and the Xbus to the processor, the logic which arbitrates the Xbus, and the logic which arbitrates the Unibus in the absence of a PDP-11 on that bus.

The Bus Interface allows the CADR machine to access memory on the Xbus and devices on the Unibus, allows independent devices on the Xbus to access the Xbus (only), and allows Unibus devices to access Xbus memory (through a map since the Unibus address space is not big enough.) Buffering is provided when the Unibus accesses the Xbus, to convert a 32-bit word into a pair of 16-bit words.

The CADR machine sees a 22-bit physical address space of 32-bit words. The top 128K of this, locations 17400000-17777777, reference the Unibus. Each 32-bit word has a 16-bit Unibus word in bits 0-15, and zero in bits 16-31. There is no provision for using byte addressing on the Unibus, nor for read-pause-write cycles. The 128K immediately below the Unibus, locations 17000000-17377777, are reserved for Xbus I/O devices. Locations 0-16777777 are for Xbus memory.

The bus interface includes a number of Unibus registers which control its various functions:

• Spy Feature
• Two-Machine Lashup
• Error Status
• Interrupts
• Unibus Map

16 The Xbus

The Xbus is the standard 32 bit wide data bus for the CADR processor. Main memory and high speed peripherals such as the disk control and TV display are interfaced to the Xbus. Control of the Xbus is similar to the Unibus, in that transfers are positively timed and (as far as the devices are concerned) asynchronous. The bus is terminated at both ends with resistive pullups of 390 ohms to ground and 180 ohms to +5 volts, for an effective 123 ohm termination to +3.42 volts. At ground, each termination draws 28 ma. for a total load of 56 ma. The bus is open collector, and may be driven with any device capable of handling the 56 ma. load. The recommended driver is the AMD 26S10, which also provides bus receivers.

A typical read cycle begins with placing the address for the transfer on the -XADDR lines and the parity of the address on the -XBUS.ADDRPAR line. The -XBUS.RQ line is then lowered, initiating the request. The responding device places the requested data on the 32 -XBUS lines and the parity of the data on the -XBUS.PAR line. Should it not be convenient for the device to produce parity (as in the case of I/O registers), the device may assert -XBUS.IGNPAR to notify the bus master that the transfer should not be checked for correct parity. The responding device then asserts -XBUS.ACK, which remains asserted until the -XBUS.RQ signal is removed by the master.

Write requests proceed identically, except that the master asserts -XBUS.WR and the data to be written on the -XBUS lines along with the address lines. All bus masters are required to produce good parity data on writes.

Deskewing delays are the responsibility of the bus master. In particular, it is the responsibility of the bus master to assert good address, write, and data lines 80 ns. prior to asserting -XBUS.RQ, and these lines must be held until the -XBUS.ACK signal drops in response to the master dropping -XBUS.RQ. Responding devices are allowed to assert -XBUS.ACK at the same time they drive read data onto the -XBUS lines. Thus, masters should delay 50 ns. after receiving -XBUS.ACK before dropping -XBUS.RQ and strobing the data. Responding devices are required to drop -XBUS.ACK immediately after -XBUS.RQ is no longer asserted.

Normal bus master arbitration between the CADR processor and the Unibus requests is handled by the bus interface. Devices on the Xbus which must become bus master, such as the disk control, do so by asserting the -XBUS.EXTRQ signal. When the bus becomes free, the bus interface responds by asserting -XBUS.EXTGRANT. This signal is daisy chained between bus master devices on the Xbus, coming in on the -XBUS.EXTGRANT.IN pin and leaving on the -XBUS.EXTGRANT.OUT pin. Within each device, the decision is made whether or not to pass the grant onto the next device. Unlike the Unibus structure, the decision on whether to pass grant and the act of becoming bus master happen synchronously with a master clock signal distributed on the -XBUS.SYNC line.

When a device initiates a request, it immediately asserts -XBUS.EXTRQ. At the falling edge of -XBUS.SYNC it clocks the request signal into a D flip flop which we will call REQ.SYNC. When -XBUS.EXTGRANT.IN goes low, the device asserts -XBUS.EXTGRANT.OUT unless it has either the REQ.SYNC flip flop set, or is already the bus master. At the next falling edge of -XBUS.SYNC the device which has both -XBUS.EXTGRANT.IN and REQ.SYNC set becomes bus master. The device should immediately assert -XBUS.BUSY and may immediately begin asserting address lines for a transfer. -XBUS.BUSY may be dropped asynchronously, after the slave device drops -XBUS.ACK in response to the master’s request.

The -XBUS.EXTGRANT.IN signal must be terminated with a resistive pullup of 180 ohms to +5 volts within each device which does not simply connect it to -XBUS.EXTGRANT.OUT.

• XBUS Signal review:

Data lines:

        -XBUS<31:0>             32 data lines, low when data is a one.
        
        -XBUS.PAR               Parity of the 32 data lines.  Required for writes.
        
        -XBUS.IGNPAR            Ignore parity signal, may be asserted by any
        device for a read.
        
Address lines:

        -XADDR<21:0>            22 address lines, low for address bit a one.
        
        -XADDR.PAR              Odd parity for the address.
        
Cycle control lines:

        -XBUS.RQ                Asserted by the master to request a read or write
        Minimum of 80 ns following stable -XADDR, -XBUS.WRITE,
        and -XBUS data.
        
        -XBUS.ACK               Asserted by the slave in response to -XBUS.RQ
        No delay necessary following assertion of good read data.

        -XBUS.WR                Asserted by the master during a write cycle.

Mastership control lines:

        -XBUS.BUSY              Asserted when a device other than the bus interface
        is bus master.  Only the bus interface examines this line.
        Asserted on a -XBUS.SYNC clock edge, dropped asynchronously
        after -XBUS.ACK drops.
        
        -XBUS.EXTRQ             Asserted when a device other than the bus interface
        wishes to become bus master.
        Asserted asynchronously, may be removed asynchronously
        after the device becomes master, but before dropping
        -XBUS.BUSY.
        
        -XBUS.EXTGRANT.IN       The daisy-chained mastership grant signal.  Must be pulled
        up to +5V with a 180 ohm resistor.
        -XBUS.EXTGRANT.OUT      Asserted initially by the bus interface, synchronously
        with the -XBUS.SYNC edge.  The signal may be subject
        to synchronizer lossage, since it is a clocked
        version of -XBUS.EXTRQ which is not synchronous with
        -XBUS.SYNC

Miscellaneous:

        -XBUS.INIT              When low, resets all devices.  This is low during power
        on and off, and when the machine is reset.

        -XBUS.SYNC              Synchronization clock for mastership passing and other
        desired purposes.
        Devices become bus master synchronous with the edge of
        this signal.  The request will normally follow the
        edge by 80 ns.

        -XBUS.INTR              Driving this low requests an interrupt.
        All devices are required to initialize to a non-interrupt
        enable condition, and are required to have interrupt
        enable and disable bits which can selectively enable
        interrupts from that device.  The "requesting interrupt"
        state must be readable in one of the device control
        register bits.

        XBUS.POWER.OK           This line is HIGH when power is stable.  It remains low
        for 3 seconds after power comes on, and goes low
        3 seconds before power is turned off.

17 Error Checking

All internal memories in the CADR machine have parity checking. If bad parity is detected, the machine is halted, if that is enabled. The processor always completes the current instruction, and clocks the next one into the IR, before halting. This is done to simplify the timing and to ensure that it halts with the scratchpad memory latches open. It means that the data with bad parity will no longer be on the busses once the machine stops. Furthermore, one incorrect instruction will have been executed. The OPC registers can be helpful in reconstructing what must have happened.

Upon initial power-on, error halting is disabled, but it is expected that as soon as the bootstrap program has initialized all internal memories it will enable error halting.

Main memory parity is checked and can either halt the machine, cause a microcode trap, or be ignored, depending on mode flags in the diagnostic interface.

The data paths do not have any redundant checking. When the machine is bootstrapped it runs some simple diagnostics designed to detect solid failures in the memories and data paths.

18 Self Bootstrapping

When the machine is powered on it resets itself and the Unibus but does not automatically start up. A bootstrap sequence can be initiated in any of several ways. The diagnostic interface can command one. The diagnostic display panel, by grounding one wire, can start one. This is intended to be connected to a push button. The bus interface can start a bootstrap by grounding one wire. The chaos network interface, if it receives a certain sequence of messages from the network, will "push the boot button." The I/O board recognizes a special set of keyboard commands (left and right control-meta) as a boot signal. The character typed along with the left-right control-meta is available to the bootstrap for selection of software options.

The bootstrap sequence starts by resetting the machine, which will halt it if it is running. It turns on RUN, which will not do anything yet since the clock is stopped. It sets the machine to its slowest speed, disables parity traps, error halts, and the statistics counter, and enables the PROM (read-only) control memory. The trailing edge of the boot signal allows the clock to start, causing a trap to microcode location 0, just like the memory parity error trap. Location 0 of the PROM receives control. It must clear all internal memories (filling them with good parity), reset the Unibus (before first using it), enable error halts, set the machine speed to its normal value, run some diagnostic checks to be sure the machine is working to some extent, load the microcode from the disk, load the initial contents of main memory from the disk, and transfer control to the normal microcode at its start address by going over the Unibus and manipulating the diagnostic interface.

If the diagnostic self-test fails, the microcode goes into a loop, and the value of the PC can be read from the diagnostic display to determine what the problem seemed to be.

19 Interrupts and Sequence Breaks

Interrupts are hardware signals to the microcode - typically the microcode transfers data in or out of a buffer in main memory. When the signal requires the attention of full Lisp code, a sequence break is triggered. This consists of setting a sequence-break pending flag in A-memory, and, if a defer-sequence-break flag (also in A-memory) is not set, setting the hardware sequence-break flag. This flag is tested at various convenient points such as macroinstruction fetch, and causes the microcode to turn off the flag and enter the sequence-break routines. The sequence-break flag is tested by the same jump instruction that tests for page faults and interrupts.

Interrupts can be generated by both the Xbus and the Unibus. The exact protocol is documented in the section on the bus interface.

Sequence-breaks are software signals indicating the need to run the scheduler (a Lisp program). A sequence-break suggests that the condition for which some process is waiting may have become true. The scheduler checks all processes for runnability, and also checks if it is time to perform periodic actions which are not full processes. Lisp programs can defer sequence-breaks to protect critical areas, while still allowing interrupts so that real-time response at the lowest level is preserved.

Access to virtual memory in the Lisp Machine software environment is viewed as a primitive operation. Regardless of the actual location of a memory datum, the fetch of that item is continued. This view considerably simplifies coding of the system, but imposes moderately high potential latencies in responding to sequence breaks. Interrupts are handled entirely at the microcode level, and the response time for these will be quite short.

The interrupt-control register, writable by functional destination 2, and readable in the high bits of LC (functional source 13), contains three bits relevant to interrupts. Bit <27>, INTERRUPT ENABLE, allows the external interrupt signal from the bus interface to be seen by the JUMP instruction. Bit <26>, SEQUENCE-BREAK, is the sequence-break flag which is testable by the JUMP instruction.

Bit <28>, BUS-RESET, generates a RESET signal on the Unibus (BUS INIT L) and on the Xbus (XBUS.INIT L), and resets the bus interface, when it is written 1 and then 0. The machine also resets the busses when it is powered up.

Bit <29> is used by the Instruction-Stream feature.

20 The Statistics Counter

The statistics counter is a 32-bit counter, which increments whenever an instruction with bit 46 = 1 is executed. When the counter overflows from -1 to 0 the machine stops, after completing execution of the instruction which caused the overflow. (The stopping is under control of an enable bit in the diagnostic interface.) Bit 46 is always 0 in instructions from the PROM.

The statistics counter can be read and written using the diagnostic interface. It provides several facilities.

It can be used for metering, to measure how many instructions are executed, possibly restricted to a certain subset of the microprogram. The microcode debugger and console program has commands to set and clear the statistics bits in areas of control memory.

It can be used for breakpointing, by setting the counter to -1 and turning on the statistics bit in those instructions which have breakpoints set on them.

It can be used to find obscure bugs, by setting the statistics bit in all locations of control memory, and setting the appropriate number in the statistics counter to cause the machine to halt just before the point where the error appears, so that it can be single-stepped through the suspect microcode.

The statistics counter is loaded from the Instruction Write Register, rather than the normal diagnostic bus, because of its 32-bit width. Effectively it loads from the M bus with a 1-cycle delay. It is probably not possible for the machine to use the statistics counter on itself, although clever ways might be found.

21 The Diagnostic Interface

The diagnostic interface occupies 16 Unibus addresses. It includes a 16-bit diagnostic bus which can be used to read and write various portions of the machine. There are 16 readable locations, and 8 writable locations. A readable location and a writable location at the same address have no relation to each other. The diagnostic bus is used by debugging and maintenance programs, including the "console" program, and in a few cases by the machine itself during bootstrapping.

First we will describe the readable locations. These are sometimes called the "spy feature." Naturally, most of these are somewhat meaningless if read while the machine is running.

766000 IR<15-0>.

The low 16 bits of the currently-executing instruction.

766002 IR<31-16>.

The middle 16 bits of the currently-executing instruction.

766004 IR<47-32>.

The high 16 bits of the currently-executing instruction.

766006 not used

766010 OPC.

The OPCs are described below.

766012 PC.

The current program counter, which is the address of the next instruction to be executed.

766014 OB<15-0>.

The low half of the output bus.

766016 OB<31-16>.

The high half of the output bus.

766020 Flag Register 1.

This provides various signals associated with starting and stopping the machine. When the machine stops due to a hardware error, this register tells what happened. The bits are:

<15> = -WAIT.

1 if the machine is running or runnable, 0 if it is waiting for memory. See the discussion of Clocks for the exact meaning of WAIT.

<14> = -V1PE.

Normally 1, 0 if the level-2 map had a parity error at the last clock.

<13> = -V0PE.

Normally 1, 0 if the level-1 map had a parity error at the last clock.

<12> = HIGHOK.

1 if the high runs in the machine are all valid, 0 if some are not. This is essentially a power-supply check, and a check for broken wires.

<11> = -STATHALT.

Normally 1, 0 if the machine has been stopped by the statistics counter.

<10> = ERR.

1 if an error condition is present. If ERRSTOP is on in the mode register, the machine is stopped.

<9> = SSDONE.

1 if a single-step operation has been completed.

<8> = SRUN.

1 if the machine is trying to run (but it may be stopped by a parity error, by a wait condition, or by the statistics counter).

<7> = -HIGHERR.

1 if there was HIGHOK at the last clock.

<6> = -MEMPE.

Normally 1, 0 if there was a main memory parity error that was not caught by a trap at the last clock.

<5> = -IPE.

Normally 1, 0 if there was a control memory parity error at the last clock.

<4> = -DPE.

Normally 1, 0 if there was a dispatch memory parity error at the last clock.

<3> = -SPE.

Normally 1, 0 if there was an SPC stack parity error at the last clock.

<2> = -PDLPE.

Normally 1, 0 if there was a PDL-buffer parity error at the last clock.

<1> = -MPE.

Normally 1, 0 if there was an M-scratchpad parity error at the last clock.

<0> = -APE.

Normally 1, 0 if there was an A-scratchpad parity error at the last clock.

766022 Flag Register 2.

This register contains flags associated with pipelining and some miscellaneous control signals which the debugging program likes to see. The bits are:

<15> = unused

<14> = unused

<13> = WMAPD.

The previous cycle said to write the map, and this cycle will.

<12> = DESTSPCD.

The previous cycle wrote into the SPC stack by using a functional destination (as opposed to a CALL transfer).

<11> = IWRITED.

The previous cycle did an I-MEM WRITE type of JUMP instruction, and this cycle will write control memory, do a RETURN transfer, and NOP the following cycle.

<10> = IMODD.

The previous cycle used the "OA register" to modify this cycle’s instruction, or this cycle’s instruction came from the DEBUG-IR (see below). This flag inhibits parity checking of the IR.

<9> = PDLWRITED.

The previous cycle caused a write into the PDL-buffer, and this cycle will do it.

<8> = SPUSHD.

The previous cycle caused a write into the SPC stack, and this cycle will do it.

<7> = unused

<6> = unused.

<5> = IR<48>.

This is the parity bit of the IR.

<4> = NOP.

The instruction currently in the IR is not really being executed; this cycle is a NOP cycle.

<3> = -VMAOK.

The last attempt to start a main memory cycle was not successful because the map indicated a page fault.

<2> = JCOND.

1 if the jump-condition is satisfied. Meaningless if the instruction in IR is not a JUMP instruction.

<1-0> = PCS1-0.

These 2 bits select the next PC (the address of the instruction after next.) The encoded values are:

0 = SPC<13-0> the SPC stack.

1 = IR<25-12> the address specified by a JUMP instruction.

2 = DPC<13-0> the dispatch memory.

3 = IPC<13-0> the PC+1.

766024 M<15-0>.

The low half of the M-source selected by the instruction currently in IR.

766026 M<31-16>.

The high half of the M-source.

766030 A<15-0>.

The low half of the A-source selected by the instruction currently in IR.

766032 A<31-16>.

The high half of the A-source.

766034 ST<15-0>.

The low half of the statistics counter.

766036 ST<31-16>.

The high half of the statistics counter.

Here is a description of the writable registers of the diagnostic interface.

766000 DEBUG-IR<15-0>.

The low 16 bits of an instruction supplied by the diagnostic interface.

766002 DEBUG-IR<31-16>.

The middle 16 bits.

766004 DEBUG-IR<47-32>.

The high 16 bits.

766006 Clock control register.

Resetting the machine sets this to zero. The following bits exist:

<4> = LDSTAT.

Setting this to 1, then clocking the machine, causes the statistics counter to load from IWR<31-0>, which loaded from the M bus on the previous clock.

<3> = IDEBUG.

Setting this to 1 causes the IR to load from the DEBUG-IR instead of the PROM or the control memory, when the machine is clocked. The primary way that the machine can be manipulated through the diagnostic interface is by executing instructions using this mechanism.

<2> = NOP11.

Setting this to 1 forces NOP. This allows you to clock the machine, for instance to transfer DEBUG-IR into IR, without the present contents of the IR causing unwanted side-effects by getting executed as an instruction. NOP11 does not prevent the PC from getting changed (in fact it will be incremented), and it does not prevent previously-scheduled pipelined writes from happening.

<1> = STEP.

Setting this to 1, when SSDONE is 0, causes the processor clock to run for one cycle, and then set SSDONE. Setting STEP to 0 clears SSDONE. (Both of these operations really take several cycles of the clock to complete.) STEP is the way that the diagnostic interface "clocks" the machine. Note that the main clock is running all the time, even when the machine is stopped. STEP generates a single processor clock, in synchronism with the main clock.

<0> = RUN.

Setting this to 1 causes the machine to start running. You first use STEP to set up the state of all the registers and memories, the PC, and the IR, then turn on RUN. The first instruction executed is the one you left in the IR.

766010 OPC control register.

Resetting the machine sets this to zero. This register contains some bits which need to be used by the console program in order to completely restore the state of the machine from a saved state. The bits are:

<2> = OPCINH.

Setting this to 1 inhibits the OPCs from being clocked by the processor clock. This bit must not be changed except when the clock is high (i.e. the machine is stopped). The process of restoring the OPCs consists of setting OPCINH, then getting the 8 values into the PC by executing JUMP instructions, and transferring those values into the OPCs via the OPCCLK bit. Once the OPCs have been restored, OPCINH remains set so that they will be undisturbed while the rest of the machine state is restored. Just before starting the machine, set OPCINH to 0.

<1> = OPCCLK.

Setting this to 1 and then to 0 generates a clock to just the OPCs. This is used to read out the 8 OPC registers without disturbing the state of the rest of the machine.

<0> = LPC.HOLD. Setting this to 1 prevents the LPC register from

loading from the PC register when the machine is clocked. This is used in restoring the LPC. The LPC is a duplicate copy of the first OPC register, used by the IR<25> feature of the DISPATCH instruction.

766012 Mode register.

Resetting the machine sets this to zero. This register enables various features and controls the speed of the clock. The bits are:

<7> = PROG.BOOT.

Setting this to 1 starts a bootstrap sequence.

<6> = PROG.RESET.

Setting this to 1 resets the machine. Reset stops the machine by clearing RUN, forces the clock to stop until the RESET operation is over, clears the pipeline flags which cause things to happen in the next instruction, and clears the Clock, Mode, and OPC registers of the diagnostic interface.

<5> = PROMDISABLE.

A 1 here disables the PROM. A 0 here replaces the first 1K locations of control memory with the PROM.

<4> = TRAPENB.

A 1 here enables main memory parity errors to cause microcode traps to location 0. A 0 here causes main memory parity errors to be treated the same as other parity errors.

<3> = STATHENB.

A 1 here enables overflow of the statistics counter to halt the machine.

<2> = ERRSTOP.

A 1 here enables hardware errors (HIGHERR and various parity errors) to halt the machine. A 0 causes it to continue blithely on.

<1-0> = SPEED<1-0>.

These bits control the speed of the clock. The ILONG bit in the microinstruction also affects the speed, slowing it down by 40 nanoseconds. The speed codes are:

0 = Extra Slow

1 = Slow

2 = Normal

3 = Fast

766014 not used.

766016 not used.

The OPCs are a set of 8 registers which remember the last 8 values of the PC. This provides a useful history for debugging. It is also used by the microcode itself in certain trap-handling routines. You can only read the last of the 8 OPCs, which is what the PC was 8 clocks ago. Special control is provided over the clocking of the OPCs so that they can be read out without disturbing the rest of the machine, and so that they can be saved and restored by the microcode debugger. This is described above under 766010.

The OPCs can be read both by the diagnostic interface and as a functional source, for maximum flexibility.

The bus interface provides a special path by which the MD register may be loaded. This provides a parallel source of diagnostic input data. After loading MD, instructions can be executed via the DEBUG-IR to transfer the data to the desired destination.

There are several maintenance indicators (light-emitting diodes) scattered around the machine. Inside the front door, near the lower-left-hand corner, are 5 octal displays. These show the current value of the PC. The decimal points on these displays show various interesting conditions. From left to right:

1 - PROMENABLE.

Indicates that the current instruction is coming from the PROM rather than the writable control memory.

2 - IPE.

Indicates that control memory had a parity error at the last clock.

3 - DPE.

Indicates that dispatch memory had a parity error at the last clock.

4 - TILT0.

Indicates that the map or main memory had a parity error at the last clock.

5 - TILT1.

Indicates that the A-scratchpad, the M-scratchpad, the PDL-buffer, or the SPC stack had a parity error at the last clock.

There is also provision for indicators for the various error conditions, "the machine is really running," and the status of the disk interface. The location of this indicator panel, and whether or not all machines will have one, is not yet determined.

22 The Disk Controller

The Lisp machine disk controller attaches from 1 to 8 disk units of the "Trident" family to the CADR machine’s XBUS. The 1-unit version consists of one board, and a second board is added when more than one disk unit is to be used. The two versions are almost program compatible.

• Interface Registers
• Disk Structure
• Formatting
• Debugging

0  STATUS

        <24:31> The block-counter of the selected unit.  This tells you
        its current rotational position.  Reading of this register
        is not synchronized to its incrementation, so you must
        read it twice and check that it came out the same both
        times.

        <23>    Internal Parity Error.  This indicates that parity of the
        bits seen at the disk and parity of the bits seen at the
        memory failed to agree; something must have been lost
        inside the controller someplace.  The Read All and Write
        All commands cause spurious internal parity errors.
        The Read Compare command causes a spurious internal parity
        error if it sets Read Compare Difference (bit 22) and the
        the disk data and the memory data differ in parity.
        This error does not stop the transfer.

        <22>    Read Compare Difference.  This indicates that data from
        memory and data from the disk failed to agree.  This bit
        is undefined unless the command is read-compare.  This
        error does not stop the transfer.
        
        <21>    CCW Cycle.  This bit being on in combination with Memory
        Parity Error or Nonexistent Memory Error indicates that
        the error happened while fetching a CCW, rather than
        while reading or writing data.

        <20>    Nonexistent Memory Error.  Indicates that memory (or
        other XBUS device) failed to respond within 15 microseconds.
        This error stops the transfer.
        
        <19>    Memory Parity Error.  Indicates that even parity was
        read from memory (or other XBUS device).  This error
        stops the transfer.
        
        <18>    Header Compare Error.  Indicates that a block-header
        read from disk failed to have the expected value.  This may
        be because the disk head is not positioned at the proper
        place, because the disk is not correctly formatted, or
        because the header wasn't read correctly.  This error
        stops the transfer.
        
        <17>    Header ECC Error.  Indicates that the error-correcting
        code of a block header failed to check.  Unfortunately
        most header ECC errors show up as header compare errors
        instead.  Maybe this can be fixed?
        This error stops the transfer.
        Header ECC Error also happens if an attempt is made to
        continue a read or write operation past the end of the disk.
        
        <16>    ECC Hard.  Indicates that the error correcting code
        discovered an error, and was unable to correct it.  The
        data read from disk is wrong, try reading again.  
        This error stops the transfer.
        
        <15>    ECC Soft.  Indicates that the error correcting code
        discovered an error, and was able to determine which data
        bits were in error.  The program can correct it, see the
        ECC Register for how.  The error correcting code will correct
        any single burst of up to 11 erroneous bits.
        This error stops the transfer.
        
        <14>    Read Overrun.  Indicates that data arrived from the
        disk faster than it could be stored into memory.  This
        error stops the transfer.
        
        <13>    Write Overrun.  Indicates that memory did not supply data
        fast enough for the disk.  This error stops the transfer.
        
        <12>    Start Block Error.  Indicates that a start-of-block
        (sector pulse) happened at a time when it should not have.
        Either the disk is incorrectly formatted or it is generating
        spurious sector pulses.  This error stops the transfer.
        
        <11>    Timeout Error.  Indicates that a disk operation took longer
        than 2.5 seconds.  This error stops the transfer.
        
        <10>    Selected Unit Seek Error.  The selected unit is reporting
        failure of a seek operation.  This error stops the transfer.
        Reset the error by using the Recalibrate command.
        
        <9>             Selected Unit not On-line.  The heads are not loaded,
        the disk is not powered on, or there is no disk at the specified
        unit number.  This error stops the transfer.
        
        <8>             Selected Unit not On-Cylinder.  Generally indicates that a
        seek is in progress on the selected unit.  Not an error.
        If the disk goes off-cylinder during a write operation, a
        fault will occur.  If it goes off cylinder during a read,
        presumably a header-compare error or an ECC error will occur.
        
        <7>             Selected Unit Read-Only.  The status of a switch on the disk.
        Note that the read-only status can only change to reflect a change in the switch when
        the drive is not selected.  Storing into the Disk Address register
        momentarily deselects the current unit so that it may update
        its read-only status from the switch.
        Writing while the disk is read-only causes a fault.
        
        <6>             Selected Unit Fault.  Indicates either trouble with the disk
        or a programming error, see the Trident manual.  This error
        stops the transfer.  Reset by using the Fault Clear and/or
        Recalibrate commands.  This error lights the Device Check
        light on the drive.
        
        <5>             No Unit Selected.  This error stops the transfer.
        Happens if no disk is plugged into the selected unit number,
        or the disk unit is powered off or "degated".
        
        <4>             Multiple Units Selected.  This error stops the transfer.
        This indicates that more than one disk drive is selected, or the wrong
        drive is selected.  
        
        <3>             Interrupt Request.  1 means the disk controller
        is asserting -XBUS.INTR.
        
        <2>             Selected Unit Attention.  Reset using the At Ease command.
        Attention indicates seek completion, recalibrate completion,
        initial loading of the heads, seek incomplete error, or
        an emergency head retract.  "Implicit" seeks do not cause
        attention.
        
        <1>             Any Attention.  Some unit has an attention, you have to
        select them one after another to find out which.
        
        <0>             Not Active.  0 means the controller is busy, 1 means it
        is ready to accept a command.

1  MEMORY ADDRESS

        <31:24> not used
        
        <23:22> Disk type. 00 Trident 01 Marksman 10 unused 11 Trident (old control)
        
        <21:0> the address of the last memory reference made by the disk control.
        This is the address of a CCW if CCW Cycle is on in the status register,
        otherwise the address of a data word.

2  DISK ADDRESS

        <31>    not used
        
        <30:28> Unit number.  In the 1-unit version, always zero.
        
        <27:16> Cylinder number.  A T-80 has 815. cylinders.
        
        <15:8>  Head number.  A T-80 has 5 heads.  As it turns out, only
        the bottom 6 bits of the head number can work (this is
        a feature of the Trident.)
        
        <7:0>   Block number.  A T-80 is usually formatted with 17. blocks
        per track.  "Block" is mostly synonymous with "sector".

        When a transfer is terminated by an error, the disk address register
        contains the address of the block being transferred when the error
        occurred.  When a transfer terminates normally, the disk address
        register has the address of the last block transferred.

3  ERROR CORRECTION REGISTER

        <31:16> Error pattern bits.
        
        <15:0>  Error bit position+1.

        When a soft ECC error occurs, this register tells where in the
        last block transferred the error was.  The disk address register
        has the disk address of the block containing the error, and the
        command list pointer points to the CCW which points to the memory
        page containing the error.  The error pattern should
        be XOR'ed into the contents of memory at the specified bit
        address; it may overlap across a word boundary.  Note that the
        bit position is off by 1; the first bit in the block is bit 1.

0  COMMAND

        Writing the command register does NOT initiate a transfer,
        unlike most disk controllers.  Use register 3 (START) to
        initiate a transfer, after setting up the other registers.
        However, writing the command register @ul{does} reset the
        various error flags.  Note that the command register
        cannot be read back.

        <31:12> not used
        
        <11>    Done Interrupt Enable.  Enables not-active (bit 0 of
        the status register) to cause an interrupt.  The interrupt
        will keep happening until you clear this bit.  (This is
        really an idle interrupt rather than a done interrupt.)
        
        <10>    Attention Interrupt Enable.  Enables any-attention
        (bit 1 of the status register) to cause an interrupt.
        (The interrupt will only happen if the controller is
        not active.  While the controller is active you couldn't
        do anything about it anyway.)
        The interrupt will keep happening until you select the
        drive and give an at-ease command, or clear this bit.
        
        <9>     Recalibrate.  In combination with command 5, causes the
        disk to return the heads to cylinder 0.
        
        <8>     Fault Clear.  In combination with command 5, resets most
        fault conditions in the disk.
        
        <7>     Data Strobe Late.  For recovery of marginal data.
        
        <6>     Data Strobe Early.  For recovery of marginal data.
        
        <5>     Servo Offset.  For recovery of marginal data, offsets
        the heads slightly.  Bit 4 controls which direction.  Note
        that this is somewhat kludgey, if you try to seek while
        the heads are offset you get a fault (use command 6 first
        to clear the offset.)  Transferring more than one block
        at a time while in servo offset mode, or even retrying a
        transfer without first doing an offset clear, will probably
        cause a fault.  Of questionable worth anyway.
        Writing while the heads are offset causes a fault.
        
        <4>     Offset forward.  1 means offset forward, 0 means offset
        backward.
        
        <3>     I/O Direction.  1 means from-memory, 0 means to-memory.  See below for
        valid combinations.
        
        <2:0>   Command code.  The following combinations of bits are
        valid commands (here expressed in octal).  Note that
        bits 10 and 11 may always be turned on, and bits 4 through
        7 may be turned on in any reading command.

                0000__Read.

                0010_Read-compare.  Reads from both disk and memory, and sets
                bit 22 of the status register if they don't agree.

                0011_Write.

                0002_Read All.  Reads all bits of the disk starting at the
                specified rotational position.  Note that internal parity
                errors will occur spuriously during this command, and that
                it will not automatically advance heads and cylinders.
                See the description of disk formatting below.

                0013_Write All.  Writes all bits of the disk starting at the
                specified rotational position.  This is intended for
                formatting the disk, see below.  The caveats under READ
                ALL apply to WRITE ALL also.  In addition, it doesn't
                really write quite all of the last page; somewhere between
                zero and seventeen words will be lost.

                0004_Seek.  Initiates a seek to the cylinder specified in the disk
                address register.  An attention will occur when the seek
                completes.  Note that this command is not logically necessary;
                the controller always initiates a seek if necessary at
                the start of a data transfer command.  The read, read-compare,
                and write commands also will seek in the middle of a transfer
                when necessary.  The seek command is provided so you can
                overlap seeks on multiple units.

                0005_At ease.  Resets attention on the selected unit.

                1005_Recalibrate.  Seek to cylinder 0, without assuming the
                current position of the heads is correct.  This is used to correct
                a seek error, and as part of error recovery.  Recalibrate resets
                some error conditions in the drive, and causes an attention when complete.

                0405_Fault clear.  Resets most error conditions in the drive.

                1405_This probably does both a Recalibrate and a Fault Clear.

                0006_Offset clear.  Take the heads out of the offset state.
                This does not wait for completion, but the next command will.

                xxx7_This is a reserved command, and will currently hang the
                controller, causing a timeout error (bit 11 in the status
                register.)

                0016    Reset.  This stops the current transfer and resets the controller.
                This command takes effect as soon as it is stored in the command
                register; no store in START is required.  After storing a Reset
                command you should store 0 in the command register to turn off
                the reset condition.  Use of Reset while a transfer is in progress
                isn't guaranteed not to do strange things.

        All commands except for the xxx5 group and Reset wait for completion of
        any previous seek operation on the selected unit before starting.  Thus
        even the Seek and Offset Clear commands can take finite time before
        the controller is ready for the next command.

1  COMMAND LIST POINTER

        This is the address of a vector of Channel Command Words (CCWs)
        which specify what memory pages, and how many, are to be transferred to/from
        disk.  Only bits <15:0> of the CLP can count, so if you try to
        carry across this boundary your command list will wrap around.
        
        The format of a CCW is:
        
                <31:24> not used

                <23:8>  Main memory address of a page

                <7:1>   not used

                <0>     More flag.  If this bit is 0, this is the last CCW
                in the list.  If this bit is 1, there is another
                CCW in the following location.

2  DISK ADDRESS

        See the description of the disk address register under reading.
        Note that in the 1-unit version, the unit number bits <30:28>
        are ignored and regarded as always zero.
3  START

        Writing anything at this address initiates the operation specified
        in the command, disk address, and command list pointer registers.

        (sector pulse here)
        PREAMBLE - 53. bytes of ones.
        VFO LOCK - 8. bytes of ones.
        SYNC - a byte containing octal 177
        HEADER - a 32-bit word as follows:
           <31:30> next block address code:
                0 following block on same track
                1 block 0 on next track (next head)
                2 block 0 on head 0 of next cylinder
                3 end of disk
           <29:28> not used, should be zero
           <27:16> cylinder number, used to verify that the
                   disk is positioned to the correct cylinder.
           <15:8> head number, used to verify the head selection.
           <7:0> block number, used to verify the rotational position.
        HEADER ECC - a 32-bit checkword.
        VFO RELOCK - 20. bytes of ones.
        SYNC - a byte containing octal 177
        PAD - a byte containing octal 377, which is here to fix
                a bug in the logic for read-compare.  (Ugh)
        DATA - 1024. bytes of whatever you want.
        DATA ECC - a 32-bit checkword.
        POSTAMBLE - 44. bytes of ones.

        1       Read Active.  The controller is active and bit 0
                of the command register is 0.
        2       Write Active.  The controller is active and bit 0
                of the command register is 1.
        3       Seek.  The selected unit is not on-cylinder.
        4       Transfer Lossage.  This is the IOR of Timeout, Read
                Overrun, Write Overrun, Memory Parity Error, and
                Nonexistent Memory Error.
        5       Format Lossage.  This is the IOR of Start Block Error,
                Header Compare Error, Header ECC Error, and Reset.
        6       ECC Lossage.  This is the IOR of Hard ECC Error and
                Soft ECC Error.
        7       Disk Lossage.  This is the IOR of Multiple Units Selected,
                No Units Selected, Selected Unit Fault, Selected Unit not
                On-Line, and Selected Unit Seek Error.
        8       Spare.  This probably does not light up.

23 Instruction formats

	 47 46 45 44 43 42 41                         32 31             26
	+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
	|  |S |I | OP  |  |           A SOURCE          |     M SOURCE    |
ALU	|  |T |  | 00  |P |                             |                 |
	+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
	|  |A |  |     |  |           A SOURCE          |     M SOURCE    |
JUMP	|  |T |L | 01  |O |                             |                 |
	+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
	|  |I |O |     |  |      DISPATCH CONSTANT      |     M SOURCE    |
DISP	|  |S |N | 10  |P |                             |                 |
	+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
	|  |T |G |     |  |           A SOURCE          |     M SOURCE    |
BYTE	|  |  |  | 11  |J |                             |                 |
	+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
	 47 46 45 44 43 42 41                         32 31             26



	 25       22                      14 13 12 11 10  9                    2  1  0
	+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
	|0M xx       DESTINATION            | OBUS|  M  |  |     ALU FUNCTION   |  Q  |
ALU	|1A xx|              |              | SEL |  I  |  |SP MD -2 -1  4  8|CY| CTL |
	+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
	|              JUMP ADDRESS               |  S  |  |  |  |NG|0→     ROTATE    |
JUMP	|                                         |  C  |R |P |N |  |1→         COND  |
	+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
	|L-|LC|xx|       DISPATCH ADDRESS         |  F  |MAPBT|  BYTE  |              |
DISP	|PC|HK|xx|                                |  U  |15 14| LENGTH |    ROTATE    |
	+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
	|           DESTINATION             | BYTE|  N  |    LENGTH    |              |
BYTE	|                                   | FUNC|  C  |      - 1     |    ROTATE    |
	+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
	 25       22                      14 13 12 11 10  9           5  4           0

24 The CADRLP Assembler

CADRLP is a symbolic assembler written in Maclisp which reads in source code for the CADR machine and produces a file loadable by the CC debugger. The source code is written in the form of LISP S-expressions; symbols are LISP atomic symbols, and instructions or data items are written as lists. Comments can thus be written using Maclisp’s semicolon convention. The input radix for numbers is 8 (octal), except that a trailing decimal point forces radix 10 (decimal).

• Localities
• Location Tags and Symbols
• Instructions
• Literals
• Byte Specifications
• Dispatch Tables
• Standard Operation Codes
• ALU Operations
• BYTE operations
• DISPATCH Operations
• JUMP Operations
• Functional Sources
• Functional Destinations
• Operations Common to All Instructions
• Expression Programs in CADRLP
• Miscellaneous Pseudo-Operations
• CADR Features and Programming Examples
• Timing - The N Bit and the POPJ Bit
• Byte Manipulation
• The Instruction Stream
• The SPC Stack
• The PDL BUFFER Memory

        (LOCALITY I-MEM)        ;following data goes into instruction memory
        (LOCALITY D-MEM)        ;ditto, dispatch memory
        (LOCALITY A-MEM)        ;ditto, A memory
        (LOCALITY M-MEM)        ;ditto, M memory

(ASSIGN <symbol> <value>)

(ASSIGN CDR-IS-NORMAL 0)
(ASSIGN CDR-IS-ILLEGAL 1)
(ASSIGN CDR-IS-NIL 2)
(ASSIGN CDR-IS-NEXT 3)

        (<popj>  (<destinations>)  <operation>  <condition> 
           <M-source>  <byte-descriptor>  <A-source>  <target-tag>  <other fields>)

        ((A-FOO) M-BAR) ;move from BAR in M-MEM to FOO in A-MEM

        (CALL ZAP)      ;do a CALL transfer to instruction ZAP (N bit set)

        ((A-FOO) SUB M-BAR A-BAZ)
                        ;subtract A-BAZ from M-BAR, put result in A-FOO

        (JUMP-EQUAL-XCT-NEXT M-BAR A-FOO LOSE)
                        ;jump to LOSE if M-BAR equals A-FOO; N bit is clear,
                        ; so instruction after the JUMP is executed
                        ; whether or not the JUMP succeeds

        (POPJ-AFTER-NEXT (M-FOO) MEMORY-DATA)
                        ;put data from memory into M-FOO,
                        ; and also POPJ after next instruction

        ((M-SAVE MEMORY-DATA-START-WRITE)
                ADD MEMORY-DATA A-ZERO ALU-CARRY-IN-ONE)
                        ;add one to the read memory data,
                        ; transfer to write memory data and M-SAVE,
                        ; and begin writing the data into main memory
                        ; at the address already in the VMA

        (A-CONSTANT <expression>)   and   (M-CONSTANT <expression>)

        (BYTE-FIELD <size in bits> <position from right>)

        (LISP-BYTE <ppss>)

        ((M-X) (BYTE-FIELD 7 4) M-Y)
                        ;extracts a 7-bit byte, 4 bits from
                        ; the right, from M-Y, and puts this
                        ; byte right-justified in M-X.  The
                        ; A source is defaulted to 1, which
                        ; should be a constant zero so that the
                        ; other bits in M-X will be zero.

        (JUMP-IF-BIT-SET (BYTE-FIELD 1 3) M-ZAP QUUX)
                        ;jump to QUUX if the "10" bit is set in M-ZAP

        (DISPATCH (BYTE-FIELD 3 0) M-ZAP DTABLE)
                        ;use the low three bits of M-ZAP to index
                        ; into the dispatch table DTABLE

   (ASSIGN LOW-HEX-DIGIT (BYTE-FIELD 4 0))

   (DEF-DATA-FIELD <symbol> <byte size> <byte position>)

   (DEF-DATA-FIELD LOW-HEX-DIGIT 4 0)

   (ASSIGN CONDITION-CODES (PLUS (BYTE-FIELD 4 0) PDP-11-PS))
   (ASSIGN TRACE-TRAP-BIT (PLUS (BYTE-FIELD 1 4) PDP-11-PS))
   (ASSIGN PRIORITY (PLUS (BYTE-FIELD 3 5) PDP-11-PS))

   (DEF-BIT-FIELD-IN-REG <symbol> <byte size> <byte position> <register>)

   (DEF-BIT-FIELD-IN-REG CONDITION-CODES 4 0 PDP-11-PS)
   (DEF-BIT-FIELD-IN-REG TRACE-TRAP-BIT 1 4 PDP-11-PS)
   (DEF-BIT-FIELD-IN-REG PRIORITY 3 5 PDP-11-PS)

        ((A-PRIORITY) PRIORITY) ;extract the PRIORITY byte from PDP-11-PS
                                ; and place it right-justified in A-PRIORITY

   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD <symbol> <byte size> <register>)

   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD REL-OFFSET 8 IBM-1130-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD TAG-FIELD 2 IBM-1130-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD FORMAT-BIT 1 IBM-1130-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD OP-CODE 5 IBM-1130-INSTRUCTION)

   (DEF-BIT-FIELD-IN-REG REL-OFFSET 8 0 IBM-1130-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-BIT-FIELD-IN-REG TAG-FIELD 2 8 IBM-1130-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-BIT-FIELD-IN-REG FORMAT-BIT 1 10. IBM-1130-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-BIT-FIELD-IN-REG OP-CODE 5 11. IBM-1130-INSTRUCTION)

   (DEF-NEXT-BIT <symbol> <register>)

   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD <symbol> 1 <register>)

   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD CONDITION-CODES 4 PDP-11-PS)
   (DEF-NEXT-BIT TRACE-TRAP-BIT PDP-11-PS)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD PRIORITY 3 PDP-11-PS)

   (RESET-BIT-POINTER <register>)

   (DEF-NEXT-BIT C PDP-11-PS)
   (DEF-NEXT-BIT V PDP-11-PS)
   (DEF-NEXT-BIT Z PDP-11-PS)
   (DEF-NEXT-BIT N PDP-11-PS)
   (RESET-BIT-POINTER PDP-11-PS)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD CONDITION-CODES 4 PDP-11-PS)
   (DEF-NEXT-BIT TRACE-TRAP-BIT PDP-11-PS)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD PRIORITY 3 PDP-11-PS)

   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD DST-REG 3 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD DST-MODE 3 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD SRC-REG 3 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD SRC-REG 3 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD OP-CODE 4 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
   (RESET-BIT-POINTER PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD BRANCH-OFFSET 8 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
   (DEF-NEXT-FIELD BRANCH-CONDITION 3 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
   (RESET-BIT-POINTER PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)

(START-DISPATCH <log2 of size> <constant data>)
<dispatch table tag>
        <first word of table>
        ...
        <last word of table>
(END-DISPATCH)

(LOCALITY M-MEM)
PDP-11-INSTRUCTION      (0)     ;HOLDS SIMULATED PDP-11 INSTRUCTION
(DEF-NEXT-FIELD DST-REG 3 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
(DEF-NEXT-FIELD DST-MODE 3 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
(DEF-NEXT-FIELD SRC-REG 3 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
(DEF-NEXT-FIELD SRC-REG 3 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
(DEF-NEXT-FIELD OP-CODE 4 PDP-11-INSTRUCTION)
        ...

(LOCALITY I-MEM)
        (DISPATCH-CALL-XCT-NEXT DST-MODE D-DST-MODE)
        ...

(LOCALITY D-MEM)
(START-DISPATCH 3 P-BIT)
D-DST-MODE
        (DST-REGISTER)                  ;R0
        (DST-REG-INDIRECT)              ;@R0
        (DST-AUTO-INCREMENT)            ;(R0)+
        (DST-AUTO-INC-INDIRECT)         ;@(R0)+
        (DST-AUTO-DECREMENT)            ;-(R0)
        (DST-AUTO-DEC-INDIRECT)         ;@-(R0)
        (DST-INDEXED)                   ;N(R0)
        (DST-INDEXED-INDIRECT)          ;@N(R0)
(END-DISPATCH)

    Boolean
        SETCM           set to complement of M
        ANDCB           AND together complements of both M and A
        ANDCM           AND complement of M with A
        SETZ            set to zeros
        ORCB            OR together complements of both M and A
        SETCA           set to complement of A
        XOR             XOR (exclusive OR) M and A
        ANDCA           AND M with complement of A
        ORCM            OR complement of M with A
        EQV             EQV M and A (complement of XOR)
        SETA            set to A
        AND             AND together M and A
        SETO            set to ones
        ORCA            OR M with complement of A
        IOR             OR M and A (inclusive OR)
        SETM            set to M

    Arithmetic
        ADD             M plus A (two's complement addition)
        SUB             M minus A (two's complement subtraction)
        M+M             M plus M (two's complement addition)
        M+M+1           M plus M plus 1
        M+A+1           M plus A plus 1
        M-A-1           M minus A minus 1
        M+1             M plus 1

    Conditional Arithmetic
        MULTIPLY-STEP
        DIVIDE-FIRST-STEP
        DIVIDE-STEP
        DIVIDE-LAST-STEP
        DIVIDE-REMAINDER-CORRECTION-STEP

        OUTPUT-SELECTOR-RIGHTSHIFT-1
        OUTPUT-SELECTOR-LEFTSHIFT-1

        SHIFT-Q-LEFT    shift Q left (shifts inverse of ALU<31> into Q<0>)
        SHIFT-Q-RIGHT   shift Q right (shifts ALU<0> into Q<31>)
        LOAD-Q          load Q from output bus

        ((A-FOO) DPB M-BAR (BYTE-FIELD 3 6) A-FOO)
                        ;a true PDP-10 style DPB; the low octal
                        ; digit of M-BAR replaces the third lowest
                        ; octal digit of A-FOO.

        ((A-ZAP) DPB M-BAR (BYTE-FIELD 3 6) A-FOO)
                        ;similar, but the result is placed in
                        ; A-ZAP.  A-FOO is not altered.

        ((A-ZAP) SELECTIVE-DEPOSIT M-FOO (BYTE-FIELD 16. 8) (A-CONSTANT -1))
                        ;A-ZAP gets a copy of M-FOO with the high eight
                        ; bits and the low eight bits replaced with all ones
                        ; (alternatively, it gets a copy of the -1
                        ; with the middle 16. bits replaced with
                        ; the corresponding bits from M-FOO)

        DISPATCH
        DISPATCH-CALL
        DISPATCH-XCT-NEXT
        DISPATCH-CALL-XCT-NEXT

        (I-ARG <expression>)            ;immediate argument

        ((ARG-CALL FOO) (I-ARG BAR))

        <type>  <condition>  <xct next>

        IF-BIT-SET
        IF-BIT-CLEAR
        EQUAL
        NOT-EQUAL
        LESS-THAN
        GREATER-THAN
        GREATER-OR-EQUAL
        LESS-OR-EQUAL
        IF-PAGE-FAULT
        IF-NO-PAGE-FAULT
        IF-PAGE-FAULT-OR-INTERRUPT
        IF-NO-PAGE-FAULT-OR-INTERRUPT
        IF-PAGE-FAULT-OR-INTERRUPT-OR-SEQUENCE-BREAK
        IF-NO-PAGE-FAULT-OR-INTERRUPT-OR-SEQUENCE-BREAK

        CALL-LESS-THAN
        JUMP-LESS-THAN-XCT-NEXT
        CALL
        POPJ-IF-BIT-SET
        CALL-IF-PAGE-FAULT-OR-INTERRUPT
        CALL-IF-BIT-CLEAR-XCT-NEXT
        JUMP-XCT-NEXT
        POPJ-XCT-NEXT

 0      READ-I-ARG                      The dispatch constant
 1      MICRO-STACK-PNTR-AND-DATA       SPCPTR and SPC contents
        MICRO-STACK-POINTER             Byte specifier for bits <28-24>
        MICRO-STACK-DATA                Byte specifier for bits <18-0>
14      MICRO-STACK-PNTR-AND-DATA-POP   Like 1, but pops SPC stack
        MICRO-STACK-POINTER-POP         Like 1, but pops SPC stack
        MICRO-STACK-DATA-POP            Like 1, but pops SPC stack
 2      PDL-BUFFER-POINTER              PDL-pointer register
 3      PDL-BUFFER-INDEX                PDL-index register
 5      C-PDL-BUFFER-INDEX              PDL-buffer addressed by index
25      C-PDL-BUFFER-POINTER            PDL-buffer addressed by pointer
24      C-PDL-BUFFER-POINTER-POP        PDL-buffer addressed by pointer, pop
 6      OPC-REGISTER                    The OPCs
 7      Q-R                             Q register
10      VMA                             VMA register
11      MEMORY-MAP-DATA                 MAP[MD]
12      MEMORY-DATA                     MD
13      LOCATION-COUNTER                LC

 1      LOCATION-COUNTER                LC
 2      INTERRUPT-CONTROL               Interrupt Control Register
10      C-PDL-BUFFER-POINTER            Pdl location addressed by PDL POINTER
11      C-PDL-BUFFER-POINTER-PUSH       Push data onto pdl, increment PDL POINTER
12      C-PDL-BUFFER-INDEX              Pdl location addressed by PDL INDEX
13      PDL-BUFFER-INDEX                PDL INDEX register
14      PDL-BUFFER-POINTER              PDL POINTER register
15      MICRO-STACK-DATA-PUSH           Push data onto SPC stack
16      OA-REG-LOW                      Next instruction modify, bits <25-0>
17      OA-REG-HI                       Next instruction modify, bits <47-26>
20      VMA                             VMA register
21      VMA-START-READ                  VMA, initiate read cycle
22      VMA-START-WRITE                 VMA, initiate write cycle
23      VMA-WRITE-MAP                   VMA, MAP[MD] <- VMA
30      MEMORY-DATA                     MD register
31      MEMORY-DATA-START-READ          MD, initiate read cycle
32      MEMORY-DATA-START-WRITE         MD, initiate write cycle
33      MEMORY-DATA-WRITE-MAP           MD, MAP[MD] <- VMA

(ASSIGN Q-R (OR (SOURCE-P (FIELD M-SOURCE 7))
                (FORCE-ALU 3)))

(ASSIGN MEMORY-DATA
        (OR (SOURCE-P (FIELD M-SOURCE 12))
            (FIELD FUNCTIONAL-DESTINATION 30)))

(ASSIGN MEMORY-DATA-START-WRITE
        (OR (SOURCE-P (ERROR))
            (FIELD FUNCTIONAL-DESTINATION 32)))

        (REPEAT <count> <word>)

        (LOC <value>)           ;sets it to <value>
        (MODULO <n>)            ;advances it to the next multiple of <n>

        ((A-FOO) XOR M-BAR A-FOO)                       ;XOR M-BAR into A-FOO
        (JUMP-IF-BIT-SET MUMBLE MUMBLIFY)               ;branch on MUMBLE bit

        (JUMP-IF-BIT-SET-XCT-NEXT MUMBLE MUMBLIFY)      ;branch on MUMBLE bit
       ((A-FOO) XOR M-BAR A FOO)                        ;XOR M-BAR into A-FOO

        (CALL THE-SUBROUTINE)           ;call, N bit set
        ((A-FOO) XOR M-BAR A-FOO)       ;return here after call

        (CALL-XCT-NEXT THE-SUBROUTINE)  ;call, N bit clear
       ((A-ARGUMENT) ADD M-BAZ A-FOO)   ;do this before entering the subroutine
        ((A-FOO) XOR M-BAR A-FOO)       ;return here after call

ADD-THREE-WORDS         ;subroutine to add together A-1, A-2, and A-3
        ((M-RESULT) A-1)
        (POPJ-AFTER-NEXT (M-RESULT) ADD M-RESULT A-2)
       ((M-RESULT) ADD M-RESULT A-3)

START   (JUMP-XCT-NEXT FOO)
       (JUMP-XCT-NEXT BAR)
        ...
FOO     (JUMP-XCT-NEXT FOO)
        ...
BAR     (JUMP-XCT-NEXT BAR)

        ((A-FOO) DPB M-ZERO A-FOO (BYTE-FIELD 1 31.))   ;clear sign bit

        ((A-FOO) DPB M-ONES A-FOO (BYTE-FIELD 1 31.))   ;set sign bit

SIGN-EXTEND                             ;extend 24-bit number in M-NUM
        (POPJ-AFTER-NEXT POPJ-IF-BIT-CLEAR M-NUM (BYTE-FIELD 1 23.))
       ((M-NUM) SELECTIVE-DEPOSIT M-NUM (BYTE-FIELD 24. 0) (A-CONSTANT -1))

        ((OA-REG-HI) (BYTE-FIELD 1 23.) M-NUM)  ;low M-source bit gets sign
       ((M-NUM) SELECTIVE-DEPOSIT M-ZERO (BYTE-FIELD 8 24.) A-NUM)

(DEF-DATA-FIELD X-FIELD 6 0)
(DEF-DATA-FIELD ALL-BUT-X-FIELD 32 6)

        ((DEST) SELECTIVE-DEPOSIT M-ZERO ALL-BUT-X-FIELD A-FOO)

SPC Stack Location        18     15    12    9     6      3     0
                          |     |     |     |     |      |     |
                          |         |                          |
                          |    5    |            14            |
                          |         |                          |
                               |                  |
Software bits------------------'                  |
                                                  |
Saved return address------------------------------'

FOO     ((M-TEMP) MICRO-STACK-POINTER-POP)      ;get just SPCPTR
        (JUMP-IF-EQUAL M-TEMP A-ZERO FOO)

FOO     (CALL-NOT-EQUAL MICRO-STACK-PNTR-AND-DATA
                (A-CONSTANT (PLUS 1 (I-MEM-LOC FOO))) FOO)

25 Unibus and Xbus address mapping

This file is supposed to document Unibus addresses used in the Lisp machine. Also see section on Xbus addresses after Unibus. First, we have a textual description of the more important things.

The unibus and xbus can be referred to through the virtual memory of the Lisp machine. When this is done, the unibus runs from address 77400000 to address 77777777. The xbus i/o space runs from 77000000 to 77377777. The xbus i/o space contains 32-bit words just like Lisp machine memory. The unibus is made of 16-bit words, and each word is stored in the least significant bits of one Lisp machine word. So, to convert a unibus address to a Lisp machine virtual address, you must divide by two (bytes to words) and then add 77400000. Normally programs access the unibus with the functions %UNIBUS-READ and %UNIBUS-WRITE, so they don’t need to contain these numbers.

• The unibus map
• The 16-bit parallel I/O register
• Serial I/O
• Timers
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Speaker
• I/O board status register
• Chaos Interface
• Table of all unibus addresses used

HWCH<23-19> = Reserved, must be 1's.
HWCH<18-16> = Source ID
HWCH<15-0>  = Information

OKB<18-16>  = Source ID = 7 (old keyboard)

OKB<15>     = unassigned  
OKB<14>     = Shift lock
OKB<13-12>  = Meta left, right
OKB<11-10>  = Control left, right
OKB<9-8>    = Top left, right
OKB<7-6>    = Shift left, right
OKB<5-0>    = Key code

NKB<18-16>  = Source ID = 1 (new keyboard)

NKB<15>     = 0, indicates up-down code
NKB<14>     = 0, reserved for expansions of codes
NKB<13>     = 0, so it doesn't look like a boot
NKB<12-9>   = 0, reserved for expansion
NKB<8>      = 1=key up, 0=key down
NKB<7>      = 0, reserved for expansion of keys
NKB<6-0>    = Key code (not same codes as old keyboards)

NKB<18-16>  = Source ID = 1 (new keyboard)

NKB<15>	    = 1, indicates not an up-down code
NKB<14>	    = 0, reserved for expansion of codes
NKB<13>	    = 0, so it doesn't look like a boot
NKB<12>	    = 0, reserved for expansion of keys
NKB<11>	    = 0, reserved for expansion of keys
NKB<10>	    = Repeat
NKB<9>	    = Mode lock
NKB<8>	    = Alt lock
NKB<7>	    = Hyper (either one)
NKB<6>	    = Super (either one)
NKB<5>	    = Meta (either one)
NKB<4>	    = Control (either one)
NKB<3>	    = Caps lock
NKB<2>	    = Top (either one)
NKB<1>	    = Greek (either one)
NKB<0>	    = Shift (either one)

NKB<18-16>  = Source ID = 1 (new keyboard)

NKB<15-10>  = 1
NKB<9-6>    = 0
NKB<5-0>    = 46 (octal) if cold, 62 (octal) if warm.

 Bit 0  enables the remote mouse (?)
 Bit 1  enables interrupts on change of mouse status.
 Bit 2  enables interrupts from the keyboard.
 Bit 3  enables clock interrupts.
 Bit 7  enables input interrupts from the serial I/O port.

140000-177777   (in CADR)  UNIBUS region mapped to XBUS

600000-617777  MIP-3/A A/D converter -- buffer memory (4k x 16b)

764040	Summagraphics tablet status register. (interrupt vector 114)
764042	Tablet X register
764044	Tablet Y register (last tablet reg)

764000-764176 IOB addresses, detailed below:

764100  Kbd data low
764102  kbd data hi.  Read hi first then low.
764104  Mouse Y
764106  Mouse x
764110  click audio
764112  kbd/mouse CSR: bit 0 remote mouse enable, 1 mouse int enable, 2 kbd int enable
		3 clock int enable, 7 serial input int enable

764120  Time of Day, low part.  read low then hi
764122  Time of Day, high part
764124  interval timer
764126  GPIO

764140	Chaos net -- Control/Status register.
764142	My number (this machine's chaos address).
764144	Data register.
764146	Bit count register.
764152	Activate transmitter (upon being read!)

	serial interface  (vector 264)
764160  read received data, write transmit data
764162  read data set status, write send weird characters in synchronous mode
764164  mode selection
764166  command register

;document other IOB devices here.

764200-764216	Ethernet (used at Xerox)

764300-764377  MIP-3/A A/D converter -- control registers (32 x 16b)

764400-764416  LMUNET robotics controller

766000 start of CADR processor UNIBUS area
766000-766036  CADR Spy locations
766040	       CADR UNIBUS interrupt status 
766042		also CADR UNIBUS interrupt related
766044	       CADR XBUS error status

766100  CADR Debuggee's selected UNIBUS location
766104  CADR Debuggee's status info
766110  CADR Debuggee additional info
766114  CADR Debuggee selected address

766136  end of CADR processor UNIBUS area

766140 - 766176   CADR XBUS<-> UNIBUS mapping registers
        These map UNIBUS addresses 140000-177777.
	Bits are valid, write-enable, page.  If high 5 bits of page=1, writes MD register.
	Allocation of mapping registers:
		766140-766156	For use by software running on the same machine (the following
				are merely suggestions):
		  766140	Ethernet (Used at Xerox)
	          766142        Ethernet (Used at Xerox)
		  766142	Versatec
		  766144	FPS Array Processor
	          766144        Ethernet (Used at Xerox)		
		766160-766170	unassigned

		766172		Debugging microprocessor

		766174		CC-WRITE-MD

		766176		DBG-READ-XBUS and related routines


774000 - 774116  FPS Control and Status Registers (Interrupt Vector 170)

776000	Cheops Control Register
776002  Cheops Status Register
776004  Cheops DBR Register
776006  Cheops MUX

777500	Versatec plotter byte count
777502	Versatec data buffer memory address extension
777504	Versatec printer byte count
777506	Versatec data buffer address
777510	Versatec plotter control and status
777512	Versatec plotter data buffer
777514	Versatec printer control and status
777516	Versatec printer data buffer

XBUS ADDRESSES 

Virtual address space.  Implemented by microcode.
0          -               ordinary 
76,,776000 - 76,,777777    mapped to A memory locations 0-1777 by microcode.
77,,000000 - 77,,377777    Xbus IO space.  see below for further breakdown
77,,400000 - 77,,777777    mapped to Unibus.   Each Xbus address is mapped to
			   one 16 bit Unibus location.


XBUS IO space (octant 6 of the XBUS)

Current XBUS physical address assignments
  
17,,000000 to 17,,077777	Main TV screen
17,,100000 to 17,,107777	Convolution box (offsets described below)
17,,110000 to 17,,110017	Scheme chip interface (offsets described below)
17,,140000 to 17,,177777	Audio i/o memory
17,,200000 to 17,,277777	Color TV
17,,377500 to 17,,377537	Grey TV (and frame grabber)
17,,377600 to 17,,377677	Vision hardware control
17,,377740 to 17,,377747	Audio i/o control registers
17,,377750 to 17,,377757	Color TV control
17,,377760 to 17,,377767	Main TV control
17,,377770 to 17,,377773	Second disk control
17,,377774 to 17,,377777	Disk control

Note: octant 7 of the XBUS cannot be accessed by the Lisp Machine,
because those physical addresses are mapped to the unibus.

CONVOLUTION BOX ADRS

00x xxx xxx xxx   -> PATCH MEM 0-1777    11:0
01x xxx xxx xxx   -> MASK ELEMENT 0-1777  9:0
10x xxx xxx xxx   -> MASK VALUE 0-1777   11:0
11x xxx xx0 x00   -> MASK ADR  11:0      -> MASK ADR
          0 x01   -> OFFSET     9:0      -> OFFSET
          0 x10   -> MSP                 -> START       DATA 3:0 GIVES SPEED
	  0 x11   -> LSP	         -> SINGLE-STEP  ", ALSO, 100 BIT -> CLEAR DONE AND
							    PIPELINED DONE.
            100   ->			 -> RESET

11x xxx xx1 x00   -> READ-STATUS


Scheme chip interface registers:
00	RW	Clock duration -  Delay 1
01	RW	Clock duration - Phase 2
02	RW	Clock duration - Delay 2
03	RW	Clock duration - Phase 1
04	RW	Write: Map address (for examine/deposit)
		Read: Memory address chip last referenced
05	RW	Map data (addressed by Map Address register)
06	RW	Control
		Bit	RW	Function
		0	 W	Reset
		1	RW	Run (turns on/off clock, clock registers should not
				     be changed with run on)
		2	RW	External freeze (freezes chip, does not stop clock)
		3	R	Chip is frozen
		4	R	NXM (cleared by reset or mem start)
		5	R	Parity error (cleared by reset or mem start)
		6	R	Invalid map location addressed (cleared by reset or mem start)
		7	RW	Freeze on error (causes chip to be frozen when one of
						  above conditions is true)
		8	RW	Freeze on GC (freeze when GC interrupt is set)
		9	R	GC Needed
		10	R	GC interrupt in progress
		11	R	External interrupt request
		12	R	External interrupt in progress
		13	R	Single stepping in progress
		14	RW	Read: Read request in progress
				Write: Mem restart (writing a 1 restarts the Scheme chip
				after a failing memory cycle.  LISPM should have
				looked at the write data for a write, or stored
				the read data for a read)
		15	R	State hacking (reading or writing) in progress
		16	R	Chip read signal (chip is waiting for a memory cycle)
		17	R	Chip write signal (chip is starting a write)
		18	R	Chip cdr (whether current memory cycle is a car or a cdr)
		19	R	Chip is reading interrupt vector
		20	R	GC Needed
		21	R	Chip address latch enable
		22	R	Memory freeze -- chip is waiting for a memory cycle
07	RW	Single Step (single steps chip up to 256 times, only useful when Force Freeze
			     is set and RUN is on)
		Reading reads the current state of the counter.  Useful if froze due to
		memory cycle
10	RW	Reading reads latched state, writing causes state to be latched at
		next convenient time
11	RW	Int Vector
12	RW	GC vector (vector sent to chip for GC interrupt)
13	 W	Loads new state into chip
14	RW	Memory data
15	 W	Clears external interrupt request, data is ignored
16	 W	Writing causes an external interrupt

26 Programming Documentation on the I/O Board

• General-Purpose I/O
• Clocks
• Command/Status register (CSR)
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Chaos Net
• Keyboard Protocol

764126	(Read)	Gives the current value of 16 general-purpose input lines.
764126	(Write) Writes a 16-bit register whose content appears on
		16 general-purpose output lines.

764124	(Write) Storing the 16-bit number `n' into this register turns off
		clock ready CSR<6>, delays 16 x `n' microseconds, then turns
		clock ready back on.  Clock ready causes an interrupt to 274
		if clock interrupt enable CSR<3> is on.  The 16-bit size gives
		a maximum interval of just over 1 second.

764124	(Read)	This 16-bit counter increments at the power-line frequency
		(60 times per second).  It is a long-term-stable real-time
		clock.  The 16-bit size provides a range of somewhat over
		15 minutes.  Reading of this register is not synchronized;
		you must read it twice and only believe it if the two results
		are identical.

764120	(Read)	This is the low 16 bits of the microsecond clock, a 32-bit
		register which increments every microsecond.  The 32-bit size
		provides somewhat over an hour before it overflows.  Reading
		location 764120 synchronizes to the clock, copies the value
		into a buffer, and returns the low word.
764122	(Read)	This is the high 16 bits of the microsecond clock buffer.  You
		must read the low word first for this to be valid, and you must
		either arrange for no one else to read the low word before you
		pick up the high word, or read both words twice, make sure the two
		high words are the same, and believe the second low word.

764112	      0 (R/W) Remote Mouse Enable.  If 0, the mouse is connected directly
		to the board.  If 1, it comes in through the keyboard.  Powers up
		to 0.
	      1 (R/W) Mouse Interrupt Enable.  If 1, the mouse can interrupt.  
		Powers up to 0.
	      2 (R/W) Keyboard Interrupt Enable.  If 1, the keyboard can interrupt.
		Powers up to 0.
	      3 (R/W) Clock Interrupt Enable.  If 1, the interval timer can interrupt.
		Powers up to 0.
	      4 (RO) Mouse Ready.  Set by any change in the status of the mouse, cleared
		when you read the Y register.  Causes interrupt.  Powers up randomly.
	      5 (RO) Keyboard Ready.  Set when the keyboard receives a character (other
		than a mouse character.)  Clears when you read the keyboard register.
		Causes interrupt.  Powers up randomly.
	      6 (RO) Clock Ready.  Set when the interval timer finishes the assigned
		interval.  Cleared when you write into the interval timer.  Causes
		interrupt.  Powers up randomly.
	      7 (RO) Zero.
	   8-15 (RO) Random meaningless data.

764100	(Read)	The low 16 bits of keyboard input.  This is the last character typed,
		if several are typed before you read the register, and is guaranteed
		not to contain a partial character nor to change while you are looking
		at it.  An additional incompatibility with the CONS keyboard interface
		is that the bits are not complemented.  When a character arrives, an
		interrupt to 260 occurs if CSR<2> is 1, and CSR<5> sets.  CSR<5>
		clears when you read this register.  Bit assignment:
			 00077   0006	 ;KEY CODE
			 00300   0602    ;SHIFT LEFT,RIGHT
			 01400   1002    ;TOP LEFT,RIGHT
			 06000   1202    ;CONTROL LEFT,RIGHT
			 30000   1402    ;META LEFT,RIGHT
			 40000   1601    ;SHIFT LOCK
			100000	 1701	 ;Unassigned

764102	(Read)	The high 8 bits of keyboard input are in bits 0-7 of this register,
		and bits 8-15 are random.  This is not normally used.

764110		Any reference to this location complements the audio output to
		the speaker built into the keyboard.

764104	(Read)	0-11 The current Y-coordinate position of the mouse.
		12   Tail switch (1=pressed)
		13   Middle switch
		14   Head switch
		15   Zero

764106	(Read)	0-11 The current X-coordinate position of the mouse.
		12-13 The raw X-encoder inputs.
		14-15 The raw Y-encoder inputs.

764140		Command/Status Register
	      0 (R/W) Timer Interrupt Enable.  This bit doesnt seem to do anything.
;	      0 (RO) CW.  This is 1 if the transmit side has been given a
;		packet and is storing the CRC word, waiting for the cable, or
;		transmitting.
	      1 (R/W) LOOPBACK.  Setting this to 1 causes the transmitter output
		to be directly looped back to the receiver, without going through
		the transceiver.  Powers up 0.
;	      1 (RO) TBUSY.  This is 1 if the transmit side actually has the
;		cable and is transmitting.  Note that this bit is not the same
;		as in the previous version of the Chaos interface.
	      2 (R/W) Match Any Destination.  Setting this to 1 allows you to
		receive messages directed to any destination.  Only messages
		specifically to you will increment Lost Count and be aborted
		if the receive buffer is full.  Setting Match Any Destination
		to 0 allows you to receive only messages specifically directed
		to you and "broadcast" messages directed to host zero.  Powers up 0.
	      3 (WO) Writing a 1 here clears the receiver and enables it to
		receive another packet, and clears Lost Count.
	      4 (R/W) Recieve Interrupt Enable.  Powers up 0.
	      5 (R/W) Transmit Interrupt Enable.  Powers up 0.
	      6 (RO) Transmit Aborted.  Sets if a transmission from this host
		is aborted by a collision or a full packet buffer in the receiver.
		Clears when you start storing the next outgoing packet in the buffer.
	      7 (RO) Transmit Done.  Sets when transmission is completed or aborted,
		clears when you start storing the next outgoing packet in the buffer.
		Powers up to 1.
	      8 (WO) Writing a 1 here sets transmit done.  [It should also reset the
		transmitter.]
	   9-12 (RO) Lost Count.  Cleared by CSR<3>, incremented when the receiver
		aborts an incoming packet because its buffer already contains
		a packet.
	     13 (WO) Writing a 1 here has the same effect as power up.  It stops the
		transmitter, resets and enables the receiver, sets transmit done, clears
		receive done, and clears the interrupt enables.
	     14 (RO) CRC error.  A 1 when a packet has arrived indicates that the packet
		was corrupted.  A 1 after reading out exactly all the bits of a packet
		indicates that the buffer did not cough up the same bits as came in
		from the network, suggesting a bad RAM or timing problems in the interface.
	     15 (RO) Receive Done.  Set when a packet has arrived in the receiver, cleared
		by power up or writing a 1 in CSR<3> or CSR<13>.  Causes interrupt.

764142	(Read)	Returns the host number (entered in dip switches) of this interface.

764144	(Read)	Returns the next word out of the receive buffer.

764146	(Read)	Returns the count of bits remaining in the receive buffer.

764152	(Read)	Returns the host number of this interface, as a side-effect
		initiates transmission.  Store the destination address first,
		then reading this will store the source address, then the CRC
		word will automatically be stored, then transmission will start
		when "my turn" comes around and the cable is free.

764142	(Write)	Stores a word into the transmit buffer.

      (Characters from the Keyboard)
	0-5 Key Code
	6-7 Shifts
	8-9 Tops
	10-11 Controls
	12-13 Metas
	14 Shift Lock
	15-23 One (High)

      (Characters from the Mouse)
	0-1 Y encoder
	2-3 X encoder
	4 Head Switch
	5 Middle Switch
	6 Tail Switch
	7-15 One
	16 Zero (flags this as a mouse character)
	17-23 One

      (Characters from the Boot Button)
	0-15 Random Status (where to boot from).  Not yet defined.
	16 One
	17 Zero (flags this as a boot character)
	18-23 One

27 Errata

This is a list of currently known errors and changes that differ from the original CADR paper (AI: LMDOC; CADR 164). As I find more errors, I will document them here, and update the document with the correct information. Feel free to send suggestions, improvements, and errors to BUG-LISPM.

• Sources: Replace mention of UCONS with UCADR.
• Replace mention of CONSLP with CADRLP.
• Standard Operation Codes: Update location of CADRLP symbols.
• Keyboard: Document bit layout of Knight keyboard protocol.
• Instruction formats: Add chapter showing instruction format (from AI: CADR; IR BITS).
• The ALU Instruction: Carry in is inverted in the ALU operation table.
• The ALU Instruction: In the ALU IR description, the ALU oepration field is one bit short.
• The Bus Interface: Add chapter describing I/O Board (from SYS: DOC; IOB TEXT).
• The Bus Interface: Add chapter describing Unibus and XBus mapping (from SYS: DOC; UNADDR TEXT).
• The Diagnostic Interface: Restored corrupt 37 missing octets (from AI: LMDOC; CADR 149).